search term: climate change Wikipedia Page

Present-day climate change includes both global warming —the ongoing increase in global average temperature —and its wider effects on Earth's climate system . Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate . The current rise in global temperatures is driven by human activities , especially fossil fuel ( coal , oil and natural gas ) burning since the Industrial Revolution . Fossil fuel use, deforestation , and some agricultural and industrial practices release greenhouse gases . These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide , the primary gas driving global warming, has increased in concentration by about 50% since the pre-industrial era to levels not seen for millions of years.

search term: climate crisis Wikipedia Page

Climate crisis is a term that is used to describe global warming and climate change and their effects . This term and the term climate emergency have been used to emphasize the threat of global warming to Earth 's natural environment and to humans, and to urge aggressive climate change mitigation and transformational adaptation .

search term: Plato Wikipedia Page

Plato ( / ˈ p l eɪ t oʊ / PLAY -toe ; Greek : Πλάτων , Plátōn ; born c. 428–423 BC, died 348/347 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms. He influenced all the major areas of theoretical philosophy and practical philosophy , and was the founder of the Platonic Academy , a philosophical school in Athens where Plato taught the doctrines that would later become known as Platonism .

search term: capitalism Wikipedia Page

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their use for the purpose of obtaining profit . This socioeconomic system has developed historically through several stages and is defined by a number of basic constituent elements: private property , profit motive , capital accumulation , competitive markets , commodification , wage labor , and an emphasis on innovation and economic growth . Capitalist economies may experience business cycles of economic growth followed by recessions .

search term: India Wikipedia Page

India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area ; the most populous country since 2023; and, since its independence in 1947, the world's most populous democracy. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean , India is near Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Myanmar, Thailand , and Indonesia .

search term: democracy Wikipedia Page

Democracy (from Ancient Greek : δημοκρατία , romanized : dēmokratía , from dēmos 'people' and krátos 'rule') is a form of government in which political power is vested in the people or the population of a state. Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitive elections while more expansive or maximalist definitions link democracy to guarantees of civil liberties and human rights in addition to competitive elections.

search term: Academy Wikipedia Page

An academy ( Attic Greek : Ἀκαδήμεια ; Koine Greek : Ἀκαδημία ) is an institution of tertiary education . The name traces back to Plato 's school of philosophy, founded c. 386 BC at Akademia , a sanctuary of Athena , the goddess of wisdom and skill, north of Athens , Greece. The Royal Spanish Academy defines academy as scientific, literary or artistic society established with public authority and as a teaching establishment, public or private, of a professional, artistic, technical or simply practical nature.

search term: media Wikipedia Page

search term: Rousseau Wikipedia Page

Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( UK : / ˈ r uː s oʊ / , US : / r uː ˈ s oʊ / ; French: [ʒɑ̃ʒak ʁuso] ; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, philosophe , writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic, and educational thought.

search term: history Wikipedia Page

History is the systematic study of the past , focusing primarily on the human past . As an academic discipline , it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some theorists categorize history as a social science , while others see it as part of the humanities or consider it a hybrid discipline. Similar debates surround the purpose of history—for example, whether its main aim is theoretical, to uncover the truth , or practical, to learn lessons from the past. In a more general sense, the term history refers not to an academic field but to the past itself, times in the past, or to individual texts about the past.

search term: Anthropocene Wikipedia Page

Anthropocene is a term that has been used to refer to the period of time during which humanity has become a planetary force of change . It appears in scientific and social discourse, especially with respect to accelerating geophysical and biochemical changes that characterize the 20th and 21st centuries on Earth. Originally a proposal for a new geological epoch following the Holocene , it was rejected as such in 2024 by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS).

search term: Socrates Wikipedia Page

Socrates ( / ˈ s ɒ k r ə t iː z / ; Ancient Greek : Σωκράτης , romanized : Sōkrátēs ; c. 470 – 399 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and as among the first moral philosophers of the ethical tradition of thought. An enigmatic figure, Socrates authored no texts and is known mainly through the posthumous accounts of classical writers , particularly his students Plato and Xenophon . These accounts are written as dialogues , in which Socrates and his interlocutors examine a subject in the style of question and answer; they gave rise to the Socratic dialogue literary genre. Contradictory accounts of Socrates make a reconstruction of his philosophy nearly impossible, a situation known as the Socratic problem . Socrates was a polarizing figure in Athenian society. In 399 BC, he was accused of impiety and corrupting the youth. After a trial that lasted a day, he was sentenced to death . He spent his last day in prison, refusing offers to help him escape.

search term: planetary boundaries Wikipedia Page

Planetary boundaries are a framework to describe limits to the impacts of human activities on the Earth system . Beyond these limits, the environment may not be able to continue to self-regulate. This would mean the Earth system would leave the period of stability of the Holocene , in which human society developed.

search term: UK Wikipedia Page

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a country in Northwestern Europe , off the coast of the continental mainland . It comprises England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland , with a population of over 69 million in 2024. The UK includes the island of Great Britain , the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland , and most of the smaller islands within the British Isles , covering 94,354 square miles (244,376 km ). It shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , the North Sea , the English Channel , the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea , while maintaining sovereignty over the British Overseas Territories . The capital and largest city of both England and the UK is London ; Edinburgh , Cardiff and Belfast are the national capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

search term: carbon budget Wikipedia Page

A carbon budget is a concept used in politics of climate change to help set greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets in a fair and effective way. It examines the "maximum amount of cumulative net global anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) emissions that would result in limiting global warming to a given level". It can be expressed relative to the pre-industrial period (the year 1750). In this case, it is the total carbon budget. Or it can be expressed from a recent specified date onwards. In that case it is the remaining carbon budget .

search term: greenhouse gases Wikipedia Page

Greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) are the gases in an atmosphere that trap heat, raising the surface temperature of astronomical bodies such as Earth. Unlike other gases, greenhouse gases absorb the radiations that a planet emits , resulting in the greenhouse effect . The Earth is warmed by sunlight, causing its surface to radiate heat , which is then mostly absorbed by greenhouse gases. Without greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about −18 °C (0 °F), rather than the present average of 15 °C (59 °F). Human-induced warming has been increasing at a rate that is unprecedented in the instrumental record, reaching 0.27 [0.2–0.4] °C per decade over 2015–2024. This high rate of warming is caused by a combination of greenhouse gas emissions being at an all-time high of 53.6±5.2 Gt CO2e yr−1 over the last decade (2014–2023), as well as reductions in the strength of aerosol cooling.

search term: tipping point Wikipedia Page

Tipping point or TippingPoint or The Tipping Point may refer to:

search term: Piraeus Wikipedia Page

Piraeus ( / p aɪ ˈ r iː ə s , p ɪ ˈ r eɪ ə s / py- REE -əs, pirr- AY -əs ; Greek : Πειραιάς Peiraiás [pireˈas] ; Ancient Greek and Katharevousa : Πειραιεύς Peiraieús , Ancient: [peːrai̯eús] , Katharevousa: [pireˈefs] ) is a port city within the Athens urban area ("Greater Athens"), in the Attica region of Greece . It is located eight kilometres (5 mi) southwest of Athens city centre along the east coast of the Saronic Gulf in the Athens Riviera .

search term: UN Wikipedia Page

The United Nations ( UN ) is a global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the articulated mission of maintaining international peace and security , to develop friendly relations among states , to promote international cooperation, and to serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of states in achieving those goals.

search term: UNFCCC Wikipedia Page

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) is the UN process for negotiating an agreement to limit dangerous climate change. It is an international treaty among countries to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system ". The main way to do this is limiting the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere . It was signed in 1992 by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit , held in Rio de Janeiro . The treaty entered into force on 21 March 1994. "UNFCCC" is also the name of the Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the convention, with offices on the UN Campus in Bonn , Germany.

search term: innovation Wikipedia Page

Innovation is the practical implementation of ideas that result in the introduction of new goods or services or improvement in offering goods or services. ISO TC 279 in the standard ISO 56000:2020 defines innovation as "a new or changed entity, realizing or redistributing value ". Others have different definitions; a common element in the definitions is a focus on newness, improvement, and spread of ideas or technologies.

search term: sustainability Wikipedia Page

Sustainability (from the latin sustinere - hold up, hold upright; furnish with means of support; bear, undergo, endure) is the ability to continue over a long period of time. In modern usage it generally refers to a state in which the environment, economy, and society will continue to exist over a long period of time. Many definitions emphasize the environmental dimension. This can include addressing key environmental problems , such as climate change and biodiversity loss . The idea of sustainability can guide decisions at the global, national, organizational, and individual levels. A related concept is that of sustainable development , and the terms are often used to mean the same thing. UNESCO distinguishes the two like this: " Sustainability is often thought of as a long-term goal (i.e. a more sustainable world), while sustainable development refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it."

search term: BBC Wikipedia Page

The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public-service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company , it evolved into its current state with its current name on New Year's Day 1927. The oldest and largest local and global broadcaster by stature and by number of employees, the BBC employs over 21,000 staff in total, of whom approximately 17,200 are in public-sector broadcasting.

search term: USA Wikipedia Page

The United States of America ( USA ), also known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a country primarily located in North America . It is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous states border Canada to the north and Mexico to the south, with the semi-exclave of Alaska in the northwest and the archipelago of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean . The United States also asserts sovereignty over five major island territories and various uninhabited islands in Oceania and the Caribbean . It is a megadiverse country , with the world's third-largest land area and third-largest population , exceeding 340 million.

search term: human history Wikipedia Page

Human history or world history is the record of humankind from prehistory to the present . Modern humans evolved in Africa around 300,000 years ago and initially lived as hunter-gatherers . They migrated out of Africa during the Last Ice Age and had spread across Earth's continental land except Antarctica by the end of the Ice Age 12,000 years ago. Soon afterward, the Neolithic Revolution in West Asia brought the first systematic husbandry of plants and animals, and saw many humans transition from a nomadic life to a sedentary existence as farmers in permanent settlements . The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing .

search term: Civil Rights Movement Wikipedia Page

The civil rights movement was a social movement in the United States from 1954 to 1968 which aimed to abolish legalized racial segregation , discrimination , and disenfranchisement in the country, which most commonly affected African Americans . The movement had origins in the Reconstruction era in the late 19th century, and modern roots in the 1940s. After years of nonviolent protests and civil disobedience campaigns, the civil rights movement achieved many of its legislative goals in the 1960s, during which it secured new protections in federal law for the civil rights of all Americans, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 .

search term: recycling Wikipedia Page

Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. This concept often includes the recovery of energy from waste materials . The recyclability of a material depends on its ability to reacquire the properties it had in its original state. It is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal that can save material and help lower greenhouse gas emissions . It can also prevent the waste of potentially useful materials and reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reducing energy use, air pollution (from incineration ) and water pollution (from landfilling ).

search term: human civilisation Wikipedia Page

A civilization (also spelled civilisation in British English ) is any complex society characterized by the development of the state , social stratification , urbanization , and symbolic systems of communication beyond signed or spoken languages (namely, writing systems ).

search term: Tennis Court Oath Wikipedia Page

The Tennis Court Oath ( French : Serment du Jeu de Paume , pronounced [sɛʁmɑ̃ dy ʒø də pom] ) was taken on 20 June 1789 by the members of the French Third Estate in a real tennis court on the initiative of Jean Joseph Mounier . Their vow "not to separate and to reassemble wherever necessary until the constitution of the kingdom is established" became a pivotal event in the French Revolution .

search term: Pakistan Wikipedia Page

Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , is a country in South Asia . It is the fifth-most populous country , with a population of over 241.5 million, having the second-largest Muslim population as of 2023. Islamabad is the nation's capital, while Karachi is its largest city and financial centre . Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country by area . Bounded by the Arabian Sea on the south, the Gulf of Oman on the southwest, and the Sir Creek on the southeast, it shares land borders with India to the east; Afghanistan to the west; Iran to the southwest; and China to the northeast. It shares a maritime border with Oman in the Gulf of Oman, and is separated from Tajikistan in the northwest by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor .

search term: greenhouse gas emissions Wikipedia Page

Greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect . This contributes to climate change . Carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ), from burning fossil fuels such as coal , oil , and natural gas , is the main cause of climate change. The largest annual emissions are from China followed by the United States. The United States has higher emissions per capita . The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies . Emissions from human activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases . Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before. Total cumulative emissions from 1870 to 2022 were 703 GtC (2575 GtCO ₂ ), of which 484±20 GtC (1773±73 GtCO ₂ ) from fossil fuels and industry, and 219±60 GtC (802±220 GtCO ₂ ) from land use change . Land-use change , such as deforestation , caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2022, coal 32%, oil 24%, and gas 10%.

search term: Germany Wikipedia Page

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Western and Central Europe . It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen constituent states have a total population of over 82 million, making it the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany borders Denmark to the north; Poland and the Czech Republic to the east; Austria and Switzerland to the south; and France , Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt ; the largest urban area is the Ruhr .

search term: fossil fuel industry Wikipedia Page

A fossil fuel is a flammable carbon compound- or hydrocarbon -containing material formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the buried remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants or microplanktons ), a process that occurs within geological formations . Reservoirs of such compound mixtures, such as coal , petroleum and natural gas , can be extracted and burnt as fuel for human consumption to provide energy for direct use (such as for cooking, heating or lighting), to power heat engines (such as steam or internal combustion engines) that can propel vehicles, or to generate electricity via steam turbine generators. Some fossil fuels are further refined into derivatives such as kerosene , gasoline and diesel , or converted into petrochemicals such as polyolefins ( plastics ), aromatics and synthetic resins .

search term: famine Wikipedia Page

A famine is a widespread scarcity of food caused by several possible factors, including, but not limited to: war , natural disasters , crop failure , widespread poverty , an economic catastrophe or government policies . This phenomenon is usually accompanied or followed by regional malnutrition , starvation , epidemic , and increased mortality . Every inhabited continent in the world has experienced a period of famine throughout history. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Southeast and South Asia , as well as Eastern and Central Europe , suffered the greatest number of fatalities due to famine. Deaths caused by famine declined sharply beginning in the 1970s, with numbers falling further since 2000. Since 2010, Africa has been the most affected continent in the world by famine. As of 2025, Haiti and Afghanistan are the two countries with the most catastrophic and widespread states of famine, followed by Sudan .

search term: culture Wikipedia Page

Culture ( / ˈ k ʌ l tʃ ər / KUL -chər ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior , institutions , and norms found in human societies , as well as the knowledge , beliefs , arts , laws , customs , capabilities, attitudes , and habits of the individuals in these groups. Culture often originates from or is attributed to a specific region or location.

search term: Philosophy Wikipedia Page

Philosophy (from Ancient Greek philosophía lit. ' love of wisdom ' ) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence , knowledge , mind , reason , language , and value . It is a rational and critical inquiry that reflects on its methods and assumptions.

search term: climate anxiety Wikipedia Page

Eco-anxiety (short for ecological anxiety ), also known as eco-distress or climate anxiety , is a challenging emotional response to climate change and other environmental issues. Extensive studies have been done on ecological anxiety since 2007, and various definitions remain in use. The condition is not a medical diagnosis and is regarded as a rational response to the reality of climate change; however, severe instances can have a mental health impact if left without alleviation. There is also evidence that eco-anxiety is caused by the way researchers frame their research and their narratives of the evidence about climate change: if they do not consider the possibility of finding any solution to overcome climate change and for individuals to make a difference, they contribute to this feeling of powerlessness.

search term: Rosa Parks Wikipedia Page

Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an American civil rights activist . She is best known for her refusal to move from her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama , in defiance of Jim Crow racial segregation laws , in 1955, which sparked the Montgomery bus boycott . She is sometimes known as the "mother of the civil rights movement".

search term: Athenians Wikipedia Page

Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece . A significant coastal urban area in the Mediterranean, Athens is also the capital of the Attica region and is the southernmost capital on the European mainland . With its urban area's population numbering over 3.6 million, it is the eighth-largest urban area in the European Union (EU). The Municipality of Athens (also City of Athens), which constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire urban area, had a population of 643,452 in 2021, within its official limits, and a land area of 38.96 km (15.04 sq mi).

search term: Geometry Wikipedia Page

Geometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. Geometry is, along with arithmetic , one of the oldest branches of mathematics. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer . Until the 19th century, geometry was almost exclusively devoted to Euclidean geometry , which includes the notions of point , line , plane , distance , angle , surface , and curve , as fundamental concepts.

search term: United Nations Wikipedia Page

The United Nations ( UN ) is a global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the articulated mission of maintaining international peace and security , to develop friendly relations among states , to promote international cooperation, and to serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of states in achieving those goals.

search term: psychology Wikipedia Page

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mind . Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both conscious and unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts , feelings , and motives . Psychology is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between the natural and social sciences . Biological psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains, linking the discipline to neuroscience . As social scientists, psychologists aim to understand the behavior of individuals and groups.

search term: biodiversity Wikipedia Page

Biodiversity is the variability of life on Earth . It can be measured on various levels, for example, genetic variability , species diversity , ecosystem diversity and phylogenetic diversity. Diversity is not distributed evenly on Earth —it is greater in the tropics as a result of the warm climate and high primary productivity in the region near the equator . Tropical forest ecosystems cover less than one-fifth of Earth's terrestrial area and contain about 50% of the world's species. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity for both marine and terrestrial taxa .

search term: Bangladesh Wikipedia Page

Bangladesh , officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh , is a country in South Asia . It is the eighth-most populous country in the world and among the most densely populated with a population of over 171 million within an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320 sq mi). Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the north, west, and east, and Myanmar to the southeast. It has a coastline along the Bay of Bengal to its south and is separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor , and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim to its north. Dhaka , the capital and largest city , is the nation's political, financial, and cultural centre. Chittagong is the second-largest city and the busiest port of the country.

search term: East India Company Wikipedia Page

The East India Company ( EIC ) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company that was founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region , initially with the East Indies (which included the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia ), and later with East Asia . The company gained control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent and Hong Kong . At its peak, the company was the largest corporation in the world by various measures and had its own armed forces in the form of the company's three presidency armies , totalling about 260,000 soldiers, twice the size of the British Army at certain times.

search term: schools Wikipedia Page

A school is the educational institution (and, in the case of in-person learning, the building ) designed to provide learning environments for the teaching of students , usually under the direction of teachers . Most countries have systems of formal education , which is sometimes compulsory . In these systems, students progress through a series of schools that can be built and operated by both government and private organization. The names for these schools vary by country (discussed in the Regional terms section below) but generally include primary school for young children and secondary school for teenagers who have completed primary education . An institution where higher education is taught is commonly called a university college or university .

search term: Kafka Wikipedia Page

Franz Kafka (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a German-language Jewish Czech writer and novelist born in Prague , in the Austro-Hungarian Empire . Widely regarded as a major figure of 20th-century literature , his work fuses elements of realism and the fantastique , and typically features isolated protagonists facing bizarre or surreal predicaments and incomprehensible socio- bureaucratic powers. The term Kafkaesque has entered the lexicon to describe situations like those depicted in his writings. His best-known works include the novella The Metamorphosis (1915) and the novels The Trial (1924) and The Castle (1926). His work has widely influenced artists, philosophers, composers, filmmakers, literary historians, religious scholars, and cultural theorists.

search term: plastic waste Wikipedia Page

Plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic objects and particles (e.g. plastic bottles, bags and microbeads ) in the Earth's environment that adversely affects humans, wildlife and their habitat. Plastics that act as pollutants are categorized by size into micro-, meso-, or macro debris. Plastics are inexpensive and durable, making them very adaptable for different uses; as a result, manufacturers choose to use plastic over other materials. However, the chemical structure of most plastics renders them resistant to many natural processes of degradation and as a result they are slow to degrade. Together, these two factors allow large volumes of plastic to enter the environment as mismanaged waste which persists in the ecosystem and travels throughout food webs .

search term: resilience Wikipedia Page

Resilience , resilient , or resiliency may refer to:

search term: global warming Wikipedia Page

Present-day climate change includes both global warming —the ongoing increase in global average temperature —and its wider effects on Earth's climate system . Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate . The current rise in global temperatures is driven by human activities , especially fossil fuel ( coal , oil and natural gas ) burning since the Industrial Revolution . Fossil fuel use, deforestation , and some agricultural and industrial practices release greenhouse gases . These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide , the primary gas driving global warming, has increased in concentration by about 50% since the pre-industrial era to levels not seen for millions of years.

search term: Physics Wikipedia Page

Physics is the scientific study of matter , its fundamental constituents , its motion and behavior through space and time , and the related entities of energy and force . It is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines. A scientist who specializes in the field of physics is called a physicist .

search term: France Wikipedia Page

France , officially the French Republic , is a country primarily located in Western Europe . Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies , and many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean , giving it the largest discontiguous exclusive economic zone in the world . Metropolitan France shares borders with Belgium and Luxembourg to the north; Germany to the northeast; Switzerland to the east; Italy and Monaco to the southeast; Andorra and Spain to the south; and a maritime border with the United Kingdom to the northwest. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea . Its 18 integral regions —five of which are overseas—span a combined area of 632,702 km (244,288 sq mi) and have an estimated total population of over 68.6 million as of January 2025 . France is a semi-presidential republic . Its capital, largest city and main cultural and economic centre is Paris .

search term: Robespierre Wikipedia Page

Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre ( / ˈ r oʊ b z p j ɛər / ; French: [maksimiljɛ̃ ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ] ; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and statesman, widely recognised as one of the most influential figures of the French Revolution . Robespierre fervently campaigned for the voting rights of all men and their unimpeded admission to the National Guard . Additionally, he advocated the right to petition , the right to bear arms in self-defence, and the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade .

search term: democracies Wikipedia Page

Democracy (from Ancient Greek : δημοκρατία , romanized : dēmokratía , from dēmos 'people' and krátos 'rule') is a form of government in which political power is vested in the people or the population of a state. Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitive elections while more expansive or maximalist definitions link democracy to guarantees of civil liberties and human rights in addition to competitive elections.

search term: Industrial Revolution Wikipedia Page

The Industrial Revolution , sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution , was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution . Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines ; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power ; the development of machine tools ; and rise of the mechanised factory system . Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth . The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods, and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.

search term: vital statistics Wikipedia Page

Vital statistics may refer to:

search term: freedom Wikipedia Page

Freedom is the power or right to speak, act, and change as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Freedom is often associated with liberty and autonomy in the sense of "giving oneself one's own laws".

search term: Wikipedia Wikipedia Page

Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers , known as Wikipedians , through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki . Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger in 2001, Wikipedia has been hosted since 2003 by the Wikimedia Foundation , an American nonprofit organization funded mainly by donations from readers. Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history.

search term: climate system Wikipedia Page

Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things). Climate is the statistical characterization of the climate system. It represents the average weather , typically over a period of 30 years, and is determined by a combination of processes, such as ocean currents and wind patterns. Circulation in the atmosphere and oceans transports heat from the tropical regions to regions that receive less energy from the Sun. Solar radiation is the main driving force for this circulation. The water cycle also moves energy throughout the climate system. In addition, certain chemical elements are constantly moving between the components of the climate system. Two examples for these biochemical cycles are the carbon and nitrogen cycles .

search term: China Wikipedia Page

China , officially the People's Republic of China ( PRC ), is a country in East Asia . With a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the second-most populous country after India , representing 17% of the world population. China borders fourteen countries by land across an area of 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), making it the third-largest country by area . The country is divided into 33 province-level divisions : 22 provinces , 5 autonomous regions , 4 municipalities , and 2 semi-autonomous special administrative regions . Beijing is the capital, while Shanghai is the most populous city by urban area and largest financial center .

search term: Mahler Wikipedia Page

Gustav Mahler ( German: [ˈɡʊstaf ˈmaːlɐ] ; 7 July 1860 – 18 May 1911) was an Austro-Bohemian Romantic composer, and one of the leading conductors of his generation. As a composer he acted as a bridge between the 19th-century Austro-German tradition and the modernism of the early 20th century. While in his lifetime his status as a conductor was established beyond question, his own music gained wide popularity only after periods of relative neglect, which included a ban on its performance in much of Europe during the Nazi era . After 1945 his compositions were rediscovered by a new generation of listeners; Mahler then became one of the most frequently performed and recorded of all composers, a position he has sustained into the 21st century.

search term: guilt Wikipedia Page

Guilt often refers to:

search term: Cephalus Wikipedia Page

Cephalus or Kephalos ( / ˈ s ɛ f əl ə s / ; Ancient Greek : Κέφαλος ) is the son of Hermes, husband of Eos and a hero-figure in Greek mythology . Cephalus carried as a theophoric name by historical persons. The root of this name is κεφαλ , meaning "head".

search term: Spaceship Earth Wikipedia Page

Spaceship Earth (or Spacecraft Earth or Spaceship Planet Earth ) is a worldview encouraging everyone on Earth to act as a harmonious crew working toward the greater good.

search term: Galileo Wikipedia Page

Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei ( / ˌ ɡ æ l ɪ ˈ l eɪ oʊ ˌ ɡ æ l ɪ ˈ l eɪ / GAL -il- AY -oh GAL -il- AY , US also / ˌ ɡ æ l ɪ ˈ l iː oʊ -/ GAL -il- EE -oh -⁠ , Italian: [ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi] ) or mononymously as Galileo , was an Italian astronomer , physicist , and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath . He was born in the city of Pisa , then part of the Duchy of Florence . Galileo has been called the father of observational astronomy , modern-era classical physics , the scientific method , and modern science .

search term: Holocene Wikipedia Page

The Holocene ( / ˈ h ɒ l . ə s iː n , - oʊ -, ˈ h oʊ . l ə -, - l oʊ -/ ) is the current geological epoch , beginning approximately 11,700 years ago. It follows the Last Glacial Period , which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat . The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene together form the Quaternary period. The Holocene is an interglacial period within the ongoing glacial cycles of the Quaternary, and is equivalent to Marine Isotope Stage 1 . The name "Holocene" comes from Ancient Greek ὅλος ( hólos ), meaning "whole", and καινός ( kainós ), meaning "new, recent", referring that this epoch is "entirely new".

search term: climate science Wikipedia Page

Climatology (from Greek κλίμα , klima , "slope"; and -λογία , -logia ) or climate science is the scientific study of Earth's climate , typically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of at least 30 years. Climate concerns the atmospheric condition during an extended to indefinite period of time; weather is the condition of the atmosphere during a relative brief period of time. The main topics of research are the study of climate variability , mechanisms of climate changes and modern climate change . This topic of study is regarded as part of the atmospheric sciences and a subdivision of physical geography , which is one of the Earth sciences . Climatology includes some aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry .

search term: biodiversity loss Wikipedia Page

Biodiversity loss happens when plant or animal species disappear completely from Earth ( extinction ) or when there is a decrease or disappearance of species in a specific area. Biodiversity loss means that there is a reduction in biological diversity in a given area. The decrease can be temporary or permanent. It is temporary if the damage that led to the loss is reversible in time, for example through ecological restoration . If this is not possible, then the decrease is permanent. The cause of most of the biodiversity loss is, generally speaking, human activities that push the planetary boundaries too far. These activities include habitat destruction (for example deforestation ) and land use intensification (for example monoculture farming). Further problem areas are air and water pollution (including nutrient pollution ), over-exploitation , invasive species and climate change .

search term: human life Wikipedia Page

Human life may refer to:

search term: humanity Wikipedia Page

Humanity most commonly refers to:

search term: Paris Agreement Wikipedia Page

The Paris Agreement (also called the Paris Accords or Paris Climate Accords ) is an international treaty on climate change that was signed in 2016. The treaty covers climate change mitigation , adaptation , and finance . The Paris Agreement was negotiated by 196 parties at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference near Paris , France. As of February 2023, 195 members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are parties to the agreement. Of the three UNFCCC member states which have not ratified the agreement, the only major emitter is Iran . The United States, the second largest emitter, withdrew from the agreement in 2020, rejoined in 2021, and announced its withdrawal again in 2025 .

search term: fossil fuels Wikipedia Page

A fossil fuel is a flammable carbon compound- or hydrocarbon -containing material formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the buried remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants or microplanktons ), a process that occurs within geological formations . Reservoirs of such compound mixtures, such as coal , petroleum and natural gas , can be extracted and burnt as fuel for human consumption to provide energy for direct use (such as for cooking, heating or lighting), to power heat engines (such as steam or internal combustion engines) that can propel vehicles, or to generate electricity via steam turbine generators. Some fossil fuels are further refined into derivatives such as kerosene , gasoline and diesel , or converted into petrochemicals such as polyolefins ( plastics ), aromatics and synthetic resins .

search term: America Wikipedia Page

The United States of America ( USA ), also known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a country primarily located in North America . It is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous states border Canada to the north and Mexico to the south, with the semi-exclave of Alaska in the northwest and the archipelago of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean . The United States also asserts sovereignty over five major island territories and various uninhabited islands in Oceania and the Caribbean . It is a megadiverse country , with the world's third-largest land area and third-largest population , exceeding 340 million.

search term: EU Wikipedia Page

in Europe (dark grey)

search term: economic growth Wikipedia Page

In economics , economic growth is an increase in the quantity and quality of the economic goods and services that a society produces . It can be measured as the increase in the inflation-adjusted output of an economy in a given year or over a period of time.

search term: systemic change Wikipedia Page

A structural fix refers to solving a problem or resolving a conflict by bringing about structural changes that change the underlying structures that provoked or sustain these problems. According to Thomas Heberlein such changes modify human behavior by regulating the social settings or the 'structures' in which the behavior occurs − their context. Such fixes are typically long-term opposed to temporary and require open and in-depth inquiry for the root structural causes of a problem and understanding of a system . Effectively changing norms would be an example of a structural fix. Often structural fixes involve a change of incentives .

search term: Emmett Till Wikipedia Page

Emmett Louis Till (July 25, 1941 – August 28, 1955) was an African American youth, who was 14 years old when he was abducted and lynched in Mississippi in 1955 after being accused of offending a white woman, Carolyn Bryant, in her family's grocery store. The brutality of his murder and the acquittal of his killers drew attention to the long history of violent persecution of African Americans in the United States. Till posthumously became an icon of the civil rights movement .

search term: anxiety Wikipedia Page

Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events. Anxiety is different from fear in that fear is defined as the emotional response to a present threat , whereas anxiety is the anticipation of a future one. It is often accompanied by nervous behavior such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints , and rumination .

search term: beliefs Wikipedia Page

A belief is a subjective attitude that something is true or a state of affairs is the case. A subjective attitude is a mental state of having some stance , take, or opinion about something. In epistemology , philosophers use the term belief to refer to attitudes about the world which can be either true or false . To believe something is to take it to be true; for instance, to believe that snow is white is comparable to accepting the truth of the proposition "snow is white". However, holding a belief does not require active introspection . For example, few individuals carefully consider whether or not the sun will rise tomorrow, simply assuming that it will. Moreover, beliefs need not be occurrent (e.g., a person actively thinking "snow is white"), but can instead be dispositional (e.g., a person who if asked about the color of snow would assert "snow is white").

search term: natural world Wikipedia Page

Natural world may refer to the following:

search term: human population Wikipedia Page

In world demographics , the world population is the total number of humans currently alive. It was estimated by the United Nations to have exceeded eight billion in mid-November 2022. It took around 300,000 years of human prehistory and history for the human population to reach a billion and only 218 more years to reach 8 billion.

search term: human development Wikipedia Page

Human development may refer to:

search term: nuclear power Wikipedia Page

Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity . Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission , nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium in nuclear power plants . Nuclear decay processes are used in niche applications such as radioisotope thermoelectric generators in some space probes such as Voyager 2 . Reactors producing controlled fusion power have been operated since 1958 but have yet to generate net power and are not expected to be commercially available in the near future.

search term: agriculture Wikipedia Page

Agriculture is the practice of cultivating the soil, planting, raising, and harvesting both food and non-food crops, as well as livestock production. Broader definitions also include forestry and aquaculture . Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization , whereby farming of domesticated plants and animals created food surpluses that enabled people to live in the cities. While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. In the 20th century, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monocultures came to dominate agricultural output.

search term: solar panels Wikipedia Page

A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight into electricity by using multiple solar modules that consist of photovoltaic (PV) cells. PV cells are made of materials that produce excited electrons when exposed to light. These electrons flow through a circuit and produce direct current electricity, which can be used to power various devices or be stored in batteries . Solar panels can be known as solar cell panels , or solar electric panels . Solar panels are usually arranged in groups called arrays or systems. A photovoltaic system consists of one or more solar panels, an inverter that converts direct current electricity to alternating current electricity, and sometimes other components such as controllers , meters, and trackers . Most panels are in solar farms or rooftop solar panels which supply the electricity grid.

search term: plastics Wikipedia Page

Plastics are a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic materials composed primarily of polymers . Their defining characteristic, plasticity , allows them to be molded , extruded , or pressed into a diverse range of solid forms. This adaptability, combined with a wide range of other properties such as low weight, durability, flexibility, chemical resistance, low toxicity, and low-cost production, has led to their widespread use around the world. While most plastics are produced from natural gas and petroleum , a growing minority are produced from renewable resources like polylactic acid .

search term: cornflakes Wikipedia Page

Corn flakes , or cornflakes , are a breakfast cereal made from toasting flakes of corn (maize). Originally invented as a breakfast food to counter indigestion , it has become a popular food item in the American diet and in the United Kingdom where over 6 million households consume them.

search term: democratic rule Wikipedia Page

Democracy (from Ancient Greek : δημοκρατία , romanized : dēmokratía , from dēmos 'people' and krátos 'rule') is a form of government in which political power is vested in the people or the population of a state. Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitive elections while more expansive or maximalist definitions link democracy to guarantees of civil liberties and human rights in addition to competitive elections.

search term: human condition Wikipedia Page

The human condition can be defined as the characteristics and key events of human life, including birth , learning , emotion , aspiration, reason , morality , conflict, and death . This is a very broad topic that has been and continues to be pondered and analyzed from many perspectives, including those of art , biology , literature , philosophy , psychology , and religion .

search term: GDP Wikipedia Page

Gross domestic product ( GDP ) is a monetary measure of the total market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries. GDP is often used to measure the economic activity of a country or region. The major components of GDP are consumption, government spending, net exports (exports minus imports), and investment. Changing any of these factors can increase the size of the economy. For example, population growth through mass immigration can raise consumption and demand for public services, thereby contributing to GDP growth. However, GDP is not a measure of overall standard of living or well-being, as it does not account for how income is distributed among the population. A country may rank high in GDP but still experience jobless growth depending on its planned economic structure and strategies. Dividing total GDP by the population gives an idealized rough measure of GDP per capita . Several national and international economic organizations, such as the OECD and the International Monetary Fund , maintain their own definitions of GDP.

search term: Mass Extinction Events Wikipedia Page

An extinction event (also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis ) is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth . Such an event is identified by a sharp fall in the diversity and abundance of multicellular organisms . It occurs when the rate of extinction increases with respect to the background extinction rate and the rate of speciation .

search term: human civilization Wikipedia Page

A civilization (also spelled civilisation in British English ) is any complex society characterized by the development of the state , social stratification , urbanization , and symbolic systems of communication beyond signed or spoken languages (namely, writing systems ).

search term: Sweden Wikipedia Page

– in Europe (green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (green)  –  [ Legend ]

search term: Geography Wikipedia Page

Geography (from Ancient Greek γεωγραφία geōgraphía ; combining gê 'Earth' and gráphō 'write', literally 'Earth writing') is the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth . Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and its human and natural complexities —not merely where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be. While geography is specific to Earth, many concepts can be applied more broadly to other celestial bodies in the field of planetary science . Geography has been called "a bridge between natural science and social science disciplines."

search term: Keeling Curve Wikipedia Page

The Keeling Curve is a graph of the annual variation and overall accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day. The curve is named for the scientist Charles David Keeling , who started the monitoring program and supervised it until his death in 2005.

search term: homo sapiens Wikipedia Page

Humans , scientifically known as Homo sapiens , are primates that belong to the biological family of great apes and are characterized by hairlessness , bipedality , and high intelligence . Humans have large brains compared to body size , enabling more advanced cognitive skills that facilitate successful adaptation to varied environments, development of sophisticated tools , and formation of complex social structures and civilizations .

search term: biosphere Wikipedia Page

The biosphere (from Ancient Greek βίος ( bíos ) ' life ' and σφαῖρα ( sphaîra ) ' sphere ' ), also called the ecosphere (from Ancient Greek οἶκος ( oîkos ) ' settlement, house ' and σφαῖρα ( sphaîra ) ' sphere ' ), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems . It can also be termed the zone of life on the Earth . The biosphere (which is technically a spherical shell ) is virtually a closed system with regard to matter , with minimal inputs and outputs. Regarding energy , it is an open system, with photosynthesis capturing solar energy at a rate of around 100 terawatts . By the most general biophysiological definition, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere , cryosphere , hydrosphere , and atmosphere . The biosphere is postulated to have evolved , beginning with a process of biopoiesis (life created naturally from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds) or biogenesis (life created from living matter), at least some 3.5 billion years ago.

search term: population Wikipedia Page

In biology , a population of organisms is a group of individuals of the same species , defined by a discontinuity or disjunction from other groups of individuals in certain characteristics, such as living area, genetic attributes, demographic structure. Among biologists, the term definition varies, in some cases significantly, and sometimes those variations can be confusing. There are also plenty of other terms to describe groups of individuals if no clear disjunction is present. Commonly, a population can be described by what individuals constitute the population, its size, a geographical area it occupies, and the time within which the population is examined. In qualitative terms, it is usually defined like "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time".

search term: civilization Wikipedia Page

A civilization (also spelled civilisation in British English ) is any complex society characterized by the development of the state , social stratification , urbanization , and symbolic systems of communication beyond signed or spoken languages (namely, writing systems ).

search term: resource extraction Wikipedia Page

Natural resources are resources that are drawn from nature and used with few modifications. This includes the sources of valued characteristics such as commercial and industrial use, aesthetic value, scientific interest, and cultural value. On Earth , it includes sunlight , atmosphere , water , land , all minerals along with all vegetation , and wildlife .

search term: Enlightenment Wikipedia Page

Enlightenment or enlighten may refer to:

search term: politics Wikipedia Page

Politics (from Ancient Greek πολιτικά ( politiká ) ' affairs of the cities ' ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups , or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of status or resources . The branch of social science that studies politics and government is referred to as political science .

search term: Thermodynamics Wikipedia Page

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat , work , and temperature , and their relation to energy , entropy , and the physical properties of matter and radiation . The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics , which convey a quantitative description using measurable macroscopic physical quantities but may be explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics . Thermodynamics applies to various topics in science and engineering , especially physical chemistry , biochemistry , chemical engineering , and mechanical engineering , as well as other complex fields such as meteorology .

search term: population growth Wikipedia Page

Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 8.2 billion in 2025. Actual global human population growth amounts to around 70 million annually, or 0.85% per year. As of 2024, The United Nations projects that global population will peak in the mid-2080s at around 10.3 billion. The UN's estimates have decreased strongly in recent years due to sharp declines in global birth rates. Others have challenged many recent population projections as having underestimated population growth.

search term: existential crisis Wikipedia Page

Existential crises are inner conflicts characterized by the impression that life lacks meaning and by confusion about one's personal identity . They are accompanied by anxiety and stress , often to such a degree that they disturb one's normal functioning in everyday life and lead to depression . Their negative attitude towards meaning reflects characteristics of the philosophical movement of existentialism . The components of existential crises can be divided into emotional , cognitive , and behavioral aspects. Emotional components refer to the feelings, such as emotional pain, despair, helplessness, guilt, anxiety, or loneliness. Cognitive components encompass the problem of meaninglessness , the loss of personal values or spiritual faith , and thinking about death . Behavioral components include addictions , and anti-social and compulsive behavior .

search term: UNEP Wikipedia Page

The United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) is responsible for coordinating responses to environmental issues within the United Nations System . It was established by Maurice Strong , its first director, after the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in June 1972. Its mandate is to provide leadership, deliver science and develop solutions on a wide range of issues, including climate change, the management of marine and terrestrial ecosystems , and green economic development. The organization also develops international environmental agreements ; publishes and promotes environmental science and helps national governments achieve environmental targets.

search term: circular economy Wikipedia Page

A circular economy (CE), also referred to as circularity , is a model of resource production and consumption in any economy that involves sharing , leasing, reusing , repairing, refurbishing, and recycling existing materials and products for as long as possible. The concept aims to tackle global challenges such as climate change , biodiversity loss , waste , and pollution by emphasizing the design-based implementation of the three base principles of the model. The main three principles required for the transformation to a circular economy are: designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems. Circular economy is defined in contradistinction to the traditional linear economy.

search term: carbon capture Wikipedia Page

Carbon capture may refer to:

search term: World Meteorological Organization Wikipedia Page

The World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science , climatology , hydrology and geophysics .

search term: Martin Luther King Wikipedia Page

Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr. ; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister, civil rights activist and political philosopher who was a leader of the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. He advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through the use of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience against Jim Crow laws and other forms of legalized discrimination , which most commonly affected African Americans .

search term: justice Wikipedia Page

In its broadest sense, justice is the idea that individuals should be treated fairly . According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , the most plausible candidate for a core definition comes from the Institutes of Justinian , a 6th-century codification of Roman law , where justice is defined as "the constant and perpetual will to render to each his due".

search term: French Revolution Wikipedia Page

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the Coup of 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799. Many of the revolution's ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy , and its values remain central to modern French political discourse. It was caused by a combination of social, political, and economic factors which the existing regime proved unable to manage.

search term: inequality Wikipedia Page

Inequality may refer to:

search term: Social Contract Wikipedia Page

In moral and political philosophy , the social contract is an idea, theory, or model that usually, although not always, concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual . Conceptualized in the Age of Enlightenment , it is a core concept of constitutionalism , while not necessarily convened and written down in a constituent assembly and constitution .

search term: teachers Wikipedia Page

A teacher , also called a schoolteacher or formally an educator , is a person who helps students to acquire knowledge , competence, or virtue , via the practice of teaching .

search term: Economics Wikipedia Page

Prescriptive and policy

search term: social media Wikipedia Page

Social media are new media technologies that facilitate the creation , sharing and aggregation of content (such as ideas, interests, and other forms of expression) amongst virtual communities and networks . Common features include:

search term: Australia Wikipedia Page

Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands . It has a total area of 7,688,287 km (2,968,464 sq mi), making it the sixth-largest country in the world and the largest in Oceania . Australia is the world's flattest and driest inhabited continent. It is a megadiverse country , and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates including deserts in the interior and tropical rainforests along the coast .

search term: Switzerland Wikipedia Page

in Europe (green and dark grey)

search term: economy Wikipedia Page

Prescriptive and policy

search term: United Kingdom Wikipedia Page

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a country in Northwestern Europe , off the coast of the continental mainland . It comprises England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland , with a population of over 69 million in 2024. The UK includes the island of Great Britain , the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland , and most of the smaller islands within the British Isles , covering 94,354 square miles (244,376 km ). It shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , the North Sea , the English Channel , the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea , while maintaining sovereignty over the British Overseas Territories . The capital and largest city of both England and the UK is London ; Edinburgh , Cardiff and Belfast are the national capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

search term: racism Wikipedia Page

Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one race or ethnicity over another. It may also mean prejudice , discrimination , or antagonism directed against other people because they are of a different ethnic background. Modern variants of racism are often based in social perceptions of biological differences between peoples. These views can take the form of social actions , practices or beliefs, or political systems in which different races are ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities. There have been attempts to legitimize racist beliefs through scientific means, such as scientific racism , which have been overwhelmingly shown to be unfounded. In terms of political systems (e.g. apartheid ) that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices or laws, racist ideology may include associated social aspects such as nativism , xenophobia , otherness , segregation , hierarchical ranking , and supremacism .

search term: colonialism Wikipedia Page

Colonialism is the practice of extending and maintaining political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a territory and its people by another people in pursuit of interests defined in an often distant metropole , who also claim superiority. While frequently an imperialist project, colonialism functions through differentiating between the targeted land and people, and that of the colonizers (a critical component of colonization ). Rather than annexation , this typically culminates in organizing the colonized into colonies separate to the colonizers' metropole. Colonialism sometimes deepens by developing settler colonialism , whereby settlers from one or multiple colonizing metropoles occupy a territory with the intention of partially or completely supplanting the existing indigenous peoples , possibly amounting to genocide .

search term: extreme weather events Wikipedia Page

Extreme weather includes unexpected, unusual, severe , or unseasonal weather ; weather at the extremes of the historical distribution—the range that has been seen in the past. Extreme events are based on a location's recorded weather history. The main types of extreme weather include heat waves , cold waves , droughts , and heavy precipitation or storm events, such as tropical cyclones . Extreme weather can have various effects, from natural hazards such as floods and landslides to social costs on human health and the economy. Severe weather is a particular type of extreme weather which poses risks to life and property.

search term: COP26 Wikipedia Page

The 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference , more commonly referred to as COP26 , was the 26th United Nations Climate Change conference , held at the SEC Centre in Glasgow , Scotland , United Kingdom , from 31 October to 13 November 2021. The president of the conference was UK cabinet minister Alok Sharma . Delayed for a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic , it was the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the third meeting of the parties to the 2015 Paris Agreement (designated CMA1 , CMA2 , CMA3 ), and the 16th meeting of the parties to the Kyoto Protocol ( CMP16 ).

search term: complex systems Wikipedia Page

Collective intelligence
Collective action
Self-organized criticality
Herd mentality
Phase transition
Agent-based modelling
Synchronization
Ant colony optimization
Particle swarm optimization
Swarm behaviour

search term: Biology Wikipedia Page

Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms . It is a broad natural science that encompasses a wide range of fields and unifying principles that explain the structure, function, growth, origin , evolution , and distribution of life. Central to biology are five fundamental themes: the cell as the basic unit of life, genes and heredity as the basis of inheritance, evolution as the driver of biological diversity , energy transformation for sustaining life processes, and the maintenance of internal stability ( homeostasis ).

search term: ozone layer Wikipedia Page

The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth 's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun 's ultraviolet radiation. It contains a high concentration of ozone (O ₃ ) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. The ozone layer peaks at 8 to 15 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 15 to 35 kilometers (9 to 22 mi) above Earth, although its thickness varies seasonally and geographically.

search term: DNA Wikipedia Page

Deoxyribonucleic acid ( pronunciation ; DNA ) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix . The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses . DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids . Alongside proteins , lipids and complex carbohydrates ( polysaccharides ), nucleic acids are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life .

search term: tipping point Wikipedia Page

Tipping point or TippingPoint or The Tipping Point may refer to:

search term: paradigm Wikipedia Page

In science and philosophy , a paradigm ( / ˈ p ær ə d aɪ m / PARR -ə-dyme ) is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods , postulates, and standards for what constitute legitimate contributions to a field. The word paradigm is Greek in origin, meaning "pattern". It is closely related to the discussion of theory-ladenness in the philosophy of science.

search term: science Wikipedia Page

Science is a systematic discipline that builds and organises knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the universe. Modern science is typically divided into two – or three – major branches: the natural sciences , which study the physical world , and the social sciences , which study individuals and societies. While referred to as the formal sciences , the study of logic , mathematics , and theoretical computer science are typically regarded as separate because they rely on deductive reasoning instead of the scientific method as their main methodology. Meanwhile, applied sciences are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine.

search term: Overton Window Wikipedia Page

The Overton window is the range of subjects and arguments politically acceptable to the mainstream population at a given time. It is also known as the window of discourse . The key to the concept is that the window changes over time; it can shift, or shrink or expand. It exemplifies "the slow evolution of societal values and norms".

search term: IMF Wikipedia Page

The International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) is an international financial institution and a specialized agency of the United Nations , headquartered in Washington, D.C. It consists of 191 member countries, and its stated mission is "working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade , promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." The IMF acts as a lender of last resort to its members experiencing actual or potential balance of payments crises.

search term: human psychology Wikipedia Page

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mind . Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both conscious and unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts , feelings , and motives . Psychology is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between the natural and social sciences . Biological psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains, linking the discipline to neuroscience . As social scientists, psychologists aim to understand the behavior of individuals and groups.

search term: literature Wikipedia Page

Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels , plays , and poems . It includes both print and digital writing . In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature , much of which has been transcribed. Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting knowledge and entertainment . It can also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role.

search term: irony Wikipedia Page

Irony is a juxtaposition of what, on the surface, appears to be the case with what is actually or expected to be the case. Originally a rhetorical device and literary technique , irony has also come to assume a metaphysical significance with implications for one's attitude towards life.

search term: prisoners Wikipedia Page

A prisoner , also known as an inmate or detainee , is a person who is deprived of liberty against their will. This can be by confinement or captivity in a prison or physical restraint . The term usually applies to one serving a sentence in prison.

search term: Adaptive Cycle Wikipedia Page

A social-ecological system consists of 'a bio-geo-physical' unit and its associated social actors and institutions. Social-ecological systems are complex and adaptive and delimited by spatial or functional boundaries surrounding particular ecosystems and their context problems.

search term: Metaphysics Wikipedia Page

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality . It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some theorists view it as an inquiry into the conceptual framework of human understanding. Some philosophers, including Aristotle , designate metaphysics as first philosophy to suggest that it is more fundamental than other forms of philosophical inquiry.

search term: bees Wikipedia Page

Apiformes (from Latin 'apis' )

search term: natural disasters Wikipedia Page

A natural disaster is the very harmful impact on a society or community brought by natural phenomenon or hazard . Some examples of natural hazards include avalanches , droughts , earthquakes , floods , heat waves , landslides - including submarine landslides , tropical cyclones , volcanic activity and wildfires . Additional natural hazards include blizzards , dust storms , firestorms , hails , ice storms , sinkholes , thunderstorms , tornadoes and tsunamis .

search term: dinosaurs Wikipedia Page

Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria . They first appeared during the Triassic period , between 243 and 233.23 million years ago (mya), although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is a subject of active research. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 201.3 mya and their dominance continued throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The fossil record shows that birds are feathered dinosaurs , having evolved from earlier theropods during the Late Jurassic epoch , and are the only dinosaur lineage known to have survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event approximately 66 mya. Dinosaurs can therefore be divided into avian dinosaurs —birds—and the extinct non-avian dinosaurs , which are all dinosaurs other than birds.

search term: cats Wikipedia Page

The cat ( Felis catus ), also referred to as the domestic cat or house cat , is a small domesticated carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species of the family Felidae . Advances in archaeology and genetics have shown that the domestication of the cat occurred in the Near East around 7500 BC. It is commonly kept as a pet and working cat , but it also ranges freely as a feral cat , avoiding human contact. It is valued by humans for companionship and its ability to kill vermin . Its retractable claws are adapted to killing small prey species such as mice and rats . It has a strong, flexible body, quick reflexes , and sharp teeth, and its night vision and sense of smell are well developed. It is a social species , but a solitary hunter and a crepuscular predator .

search term: Antarctica Wikipedia Page

Antarctica ( / æ n ˈ t ɑːr k t ɪ k ə / ) is Earth 's southernmost and least-populated continent . Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean), it contains the geographic South Pole . Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe , and has an area of 14,200,000 km (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet , with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi).

search term: Planet Earth Wikipedia Page

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life . This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world , the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water . Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 70.8% of Earth's crust . The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of continental landmasses within Earth's land hemisphere . Most of Earth's land is at least somewhat humid and covered by vegetation, while large ice sheets at Earth's polar deserts retain more water than Earth's groundwater , lakes, rivers, and atmospheric water combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving tectonic plates , which interact to produce mountain ranges, volcanoes , and earthquakes. Earth has a liquid outer core that generates a magnetosphere capable of deflecting most of the destructive solar winds and cosmic radiation .

search term: astronauts Wikipedia Page

An astronaut (from the Ancient Greek ἄστρον ( astron ), meaning 'star', and ναύτης ( nautes ), meaning 'sailor') is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a human spaceflight program to serve as a commander or crew member of a spacecraft . Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and space tourists .

search term: International Resource Panel Wikipedia Page

The International Resource Panel is a scientific panel of experts that aims to help nations use natural resources sustainably without compromising economic growth and human needs. It provides independent scientific assessments and expert advice on a variety of areas, including:

search term: nationalism Wikipedia Page

Nationalism is an ideology or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state . As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation , especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining its sovereignty ( self-determination ) over its perceived homeland to create a nation-state . It holds that the nation should govern itself, free from outside interference ( self-governance ), that a nation is a natural and ideal basis for a polity , and that the nation is the only rightful source of political power . It further aims to build and maintain a single national identity , based on a combination of shared social characteristics such as culture , ethnicity , homeland, language , politics (or government ), religion , traditions or belief in a shared singular history , and to promote national unity or solidarity . There are various definitions of a "nation", which leads to different types of nationalism . The two main divergent forms are ethnic nationalism and civic nationalism .

search term: emissions Wikipedia Page

Emission may refer to:

search term: infrastructure Wikipedia Page

Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area, and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to function. Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical structures such as roads , railways , bridges , airports , public transit systems , tunnels , water supply , sewers , electrical grids , and telecommunications (including Internet connectivity and broadband access ). In general, infrastructure has been defined as "the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions " and maintain the surrounding environment.

search term: Tennis Court Wikipedia Page

A tennis court is the venue where the sport of tennis is played. It is a firm rectangular surface with a low net stretched across the centre. The same surface can be used to play both doubles and singles matches. A variety of surfaces can be used to create a tennis court, each with its own characteristics which affect the playing style of the game.

search term: symbolic order Wikipedia Page

In Lacanian psychoanalysis , the Symbolic (or Symbolic Order of the Borromean knot ) is the order in the unconscious that gives rise to subjectivity and bridges intersubjectivity between two subjects; an example is Jacques Lacan 's idea of desire as the desire of the Other , maintained by the Symbolic's subjectification of the Other into speech. In the later psychoanalytic theory of Lacan, it is linked by the sinthome to the Imaginary and the Real .

search term: nations Wikipedia Page

A nation is a type of social organization where a collective identity , a national identity , has emerged from a combination of shared features across a given population, such as language , history , ethnicity , culture , territory , or society . Some nations are constructed around ethnicity (see ethnic nationalism ) while others are bound by political constitutions (see civic nationalism ).

search term: happiness Wikipedia Page

Happiness is a complex and multifaceted emotion that encompasses a range of positive feelings, from contentment to intense joy. It is often associated with positive life experiences, such as achieving goals, spending time with loved ones, or engaging in enjoyable activities. However, happiness can also arise spontaneously, without any apparent external cause.

search term: populism Wikipedia Page

Populism is a contested concept for a variety of political stances that emphasize the idea of the " common people ", often in opposition to a perceived elite. It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment. The term developed in the late 19th century and has been applied to various politicians, parties, and movements since that time, often assuming a pejorative tone. Within political science and other social sciences , different definitions of populism have been employed.

search term: public space Wikipedia Page

A public space is a place that is open and accessible to the general public. Roads, pavements , public squares , parks , and beaches are typically considered public space. To a limited extent, government buildings which are open to the public, such as public libraries , are public spaces, although they tend to have restricted areas and greater limits upon use. Although not considered public space, privately owned buildings or property visible from sidewalks and public thoroughfares may affect the public visual landscape, for example, by outdoor advertising. Recently, the concept of shared space has been advanced to enhance the experience of pedestrians in public space jointly used by automobiles and other vehicles.

search term: football Wikipedia Page

Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal . Unqualified, the word football generally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly called football include association football (known as soccer in Australia, Canada, South Africa, the United States, and sometimes in Ireland and New Zealand); Australian rules football ; Gaelic football ; gridiron football (specifically American football , arena football , or Canadian football ); International rules football ; rugby league football ; and rugby union football . These various forms of football share, to varying degrees, common origins and are known as " football codes ". There are a number of references to traditional, ancient, or prehistoric ball games played in many different parts of the world. Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools during the 19th century, itself an outgrowth of medieval football . The expansion and cultural power of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside the directly controlled empire. By the end of the 19th century, distinct regional codes were already developing: Gaelic football , for example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage. In 1888, the Football League was founded in England , becoming the first of many professional football associations. During the 20th century, several of the various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world.

search term: courage Wikipedia Page

Courage (also called bravery , valour ( British and Commonwealth English ), or valor ( American English )) is the choice and willingness to confront agony , pain , danger , uncertainty , or intimidation . Valor is courage or bravery, especially in battle .

search term: Third Reich Wikipedia Page

Nazi Germany , officially the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich , was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship . The Third Reich , meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", referred to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich , ended in May 1945, after 12 years, when the Allies defeated Germany and entered the capital, Berlin , ending World War II in Europe .

search term: Europe Wikipedia Page

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe shares the landmass of Eurasia with Asia, and of Afro-Eurasia with both Africa and Asia. Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed of the Ural Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian Sea , the Greater Caucasus , the Black Sea , and the Turkish straits .

search term: British Raj Wikipedia Page

The British Raj ( / r ɑː dʒ / RAHJ ; from Hindustani rāj , 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent , lasting from 1858 to 1947. It is also called Crown rule in India , or direct rule in India . The region under British control was commonly called India in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom , which were collectively called British India , and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British paramountcy , called the princely states . The region was sometimes called the Indian Empire , though not officially. As India , it was a founding member of the League of Nations and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945 . India was a participating state in the Summer Olympics in 1900 , 1920 , 1928 , 1932 , and 1936 .

search term: British rule Wikipedia Page

The British Raj ( / r ɑː dʒ / RAHJ ; from Hindustani rāj , 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent , lasting from 1858 to 1947. It is also called Crown rule in India , or direct rule in India . The region under British control was commonly called India in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom , which were collectively called British India , and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British paramountcy , called the princely states . The region was sometimes called the Indian Empire , though not officially. As India , it was a founding member of the League of Nations and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945 . India was a participating state in the Summer Olympics in 1900 , 1920 , 1928 , 1932 , and 1936 .

search term: Late Victorian Holocausts Wikipedia Page

Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World is a 2000 history book by Mike Davis about the connection between political economy and global climate patterns, particularly the impact of colonialism and the introduction of capitalism during the El Niño–Southern Oscillation related famines of 1876–1878, 1896–1897, and 1899–1902 across multiple continents. The book's main conclusion is that the deaths of 30–60 million people killed in famines all over the world during the later part of the 19th century were caused by the laissez-faire and Malthusian economic ideology of the colonial governments.

search term: Capitalocene Wikipedia Page

The Capitalocene is a critique of "man versus nature" thinking in climate politics. Frequently misunderstood as an alternative geological periodization to the Anthropocene proposal, the Capitalocene's leading proponents argue for the centrality of capitalism in the making of climate crisis. The Capitalocene is a way to understand capitalism as a geohistorical process, not a geological event as conventionally understood. For Andreas Malm, this is the theory of fossil capital. For Jason W. Moore, it is the theory of Cheap Nature in the capitalist world-ecology . Both argue, with Karl Marx, that capitalism is a labor process, and a class struggle, in the web of life. While Malm sees the origins of climate crisis with the ascendancy of fossil capital after 1830, Moore locates the dawn of "capitalogenic" crisis in the long seventeenth century (c. 1550-1700). Both agree with Marx that capitalism is defined by the imperative of endless capital accumulation, which implies increasingly serious metabolic antagonisms.

search term: misinformation Wikipedia Page

Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information . Whereas misinformation can exist with or without specific malicious intent, disinformation is deliberately deceptive and intentionally propagated. Misinformation can include inaccurate, incomplete, misleading, or false information as well as selective or half-truths.

search term: transparency Wikipedia Page

Transparency , transparence or transparent most often refer to:

search term: European Commission Wikipedia Page

The European Commission ( EC ) is the primary executive branch of the European Union (EU).

search term: social reality Wikipedia Page

1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville · Marx · Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto · Tönnies · Veblen · Simmel · Durkheim · Addams · Mead · Weber · Du Bois · Mannheim · Elias

search term: climate education Wikipedia Page

Climate change education (CCE) is education that aims to address and develop effective responses to climate change . It helps learners understand the causes and consequences of climate change, prepares them to live with the impacts of climate change and empowers learners to take appropriate actions to adopt more sustainable lifestyles . Climate change and climate change education are global challenges that can be anchored in the curriculum in order to provide local learning and widen up mindset shifts on how climate change can be mitigated. In such a case, CCE is more than climate change literacy, but understanding ways of dealing with climate.

search term: precautionary principle Wikipedia Page

The precautionary principle (or precautionary approach ) is a broad epistemological , philosophical and legal approach to innovations with potential for causing harm when extensive scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking. It emphasizes caution, pausing and review before leaping into new innovations that may prove disastrous. Critics argue that it is vague, self-cancelling, unscientific and an obstacle to progress.

search term: velodrome Wikipedia Page

A velodrome is an arena for track cycling . Modern velodromes feature steeply banked oval tracks, consisting of two 180-degree circular bends connected by two straights. The straights transition to the circular turn through a moderate easement curve .

search term: Jet Stream Wikipedia Page

Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow air currents in the Earth's atmosphere .

search term: imagination Wikipedia Page

Imagination is the production of sensations , feelings and thoughts informing oneself . These experiences can be re-creations of past experiences, such as vivid memories with imagined changes, or completely invented and possibly fantastic scenes . Imagination helps apply knowledge to solve problems and is fundamental to integrating experience and the learning process .

search term: Boreal forests Wikipedia Page

Taiga or tayga ( / ˈ t aɪ ɡ ə / TY -gə ; Russian : тайга́ , IPA: [tɐjˈɡa] ), also known as boreal forest or snow forest , is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines , spruces , and larches . The taiga, or boreal forest, is the world's largest land biome . In North America, it covers most of inland Canada , Alaska , and parts of the northern contiguous United States. In Eurasia , it covers most of Sweden , Finland , much of Russia from Karelia in the west to the Pacific Ocean (including much of Siberia ), much of Norway and Estonia , some of the Scottish Highlands , some lowland/coastal areas of Iceland , and areas of northern Kazakhstan , northern Mongolia , and northern Japan (on the island of Hokkaido ).

search term: Alaska Wikipedia Page

Alaska ( / ə ˈ l æ s k ə / ə- LASS -kə ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America . Part of the Western United States region, it is one of the two non-contiguous U.S. states, alongside Hawaii . Alaska is considered to be the northernmost, westernmost, and easternmost (the Aleutian Islands cross the 180th meridian into the eastern hemisphere) state in the United States. It borders the Canadian territory of Yukon and the province of British Columbia to the east. It shares a western maritime border, in the Bering Strait , with Russia 's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug . The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean lie to the north, and the Pacific Ocean lies to the south. It is a semi-exclave of the U.S., and is the largest exclave in the world.

search term: Uranus Wikipedia Page

Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun . It is a gaseous cyan -coloured ice giant . Most of the planet is made of water , ammonia , and methane in a supercritical phase of matter , which astronomy calls "ice" or volatiles . The planet's atmosphere has a complex layered cloud structure and has the lowest minimum temperature (49 K (−224 °C; −371 °F)) of all the Solar System 's planets. It has a marked axial tilt of 82.23° with a retrograde rotation period of 17 hours and 14 minutes. This means that in an 84-Earth-year orbital period around the Sun, its poles get around 42 years of continuous sunlight, followed by 42 years of continuous darkness.

search term: law Wikipedia Page

Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a legislature , resulting in statutes ; by the executive through decrees and regulations ; or by judges' decisions, which form precedent in common law jurisdictions. An autocrat may exercise those functions within their realm. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution , written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics , economics , history and society in various ways and also serves as a mediator of relations between people.

search term: NAACP Wikipedia Page

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) is an American civil rights organization formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois , Mary White Ovington , Moorfield Storey , Ida B. Wells , Lillian Wald , Emil G. Hirsch and Henry Moskowitz . Over the years, leaders of the organization have included Thurgood Marshall and Roy Wilkins . The NAACP is the largest and oldest civil rights group in America.

search term: Trojan Horse Wikipedia Page

In Greek mythology , the Trojan Horse ( Greek : δούρειος ίππος , romanized : doureios hippos , lit. 'wooden horse') was a wooden horse said to have been used by the Greeks during the Trojan War to enter the city of Troy and win the war. The Trojan Horse is not mentioned in Homer's Iliad , with the poem ending before the war is concluded, and it is only briefly mentioned in the Odyssey . It is described at length in the Aeneid , in which Virgil recounts how, after a fruitless ten-year siege, the Greeks constructed a huge wooden horse at the behest of Odysseus , and hid a select force of men inside, including Odysseus himself. The Greeks pretended to sail away, and the Trojans pulled the horse into their city as a victory trophy. That night, the Greek force crept out of the horse and opened the gates for the rest of the Greek army, which had sailed back under the cover of darkness. The Greeks entered and destroyed the city, ending the war.

search term: poetry Wikipedia Page

Poetry (from the Greek word poiesis , "making" ) is a form of literary art that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, literal or surface-level meanings. Any particular instance of poetry is called a poem and is written by a poet . Poets use a variety of techniques called poetic devices, such as assonance , alliteration , consonance , euphony and cacophony , onomatopoeia , rhythm (via metre ), rhyme schemes (patterns in the type and placement of a phoneme group) and sound symbolism , to produce musical or other artistic effects. They also frequently organize these devices into poetic structures , which may be strict or loose, conventional or invented by the poet. Poetic structures vary dramatically by language and cultural convention, but they often rely on rhythmic metre : patterns of syllable stress or syllable (or mora) weight . They may also use repeating patterns of phonemes , phoneme groups, tones , words, or entire phrases. Poetic structures may even be semantic (e.g. the volta required in a Petrachan sonnet ).

search term: resonance Wikipedia Page

Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when an object or system is subjected to an external force or vibration whose frequency matches a resonant frequency (or resonance frequency ) of the system, defined as a frequency that generates a maximum amplitude response in the system. When this happens, the object or system absorbs energy from the external force and starts vibrating with a larger amplitude . Resonance can occur in various systems, such as mechanical, electrical, or acoustic systems, and it is often desirable in certain applications, such as musical instruments or radio receivers. However, resonance can also be detrimental, leading to excessive vibrations or even structural failure in some cases.

search term: hot air balloon Wikipedia Page

A hot air balloon is a lighter-than-air aircraft consisting of a bag, called an envelope, which contains heated air. Suspended beneath is a gondola or wicker basket (in some long-distance or high-altitude balloons, a capsule), which carries passengers and a source of heat, in most cases an open flame caused by burning liquid propane . The heated air inside the envelope makes it buoyant , since it has a lower density than the colder air outside the envelope. As with all aircraft , hot air balloons cannot fly beyond the atmosphere . The envelope does not have to be sealed at the bottom, since the air inside the envelope is at about the same pressure as the surrounding air. In modern sport balloons the envelope is generally made from nylon fabric, and the inlet of the balloon (closest to the burner flame) is made from a fire-resistant material such as Nomex . Modern balloons have been made in many shapes, such as rocket ships and the shapes of various commercial products, though the traditional shape is used for most non-commercial and many commercial applications.

search term: natural resources Wikipedia Page

Natural resources are resources that are drawn from nature and used with few modifications. This includes the sources of valued characteristics such as commercial and industrial use, aesthetic value, scientific interest, and cultural value. On Earth , it includes sunlight , atmosphere , water , land , all minerals along with all vegetation , and wildlife .

search term: global economy Wikipedia Page

The world economy or global economy is the economy of all humans in the world, referring to the global economic system , which includes all economic activities conducted both within and between nations , including production , consumption , economic management , work in general, financial transactions and trade of goods and services . In some contexts, the two terms are distinct: the "international" or "global economy" is measured separately and distinguished from national economies, while the "world economy" is simply an aggregate of the separate countries' measurements. Beyond the minimum standard concerning value in production, use and exchange, the definitions, representations, models and valuations of the world economy vary widely. It is inseparable from the geography and ecology of planet Earth .

search term: Emile Wikipedia Page

Emile or Émile may refer to:

search term: creativity Wikipedia Page

Creativity is the ability to form novel and valuable ideas or works using one's imagination . Products of creativity may be intangible (e.g. an idea, scientific theory , literary work , musical composition , or joke ), or a physical object (e.g. an invention , dish or meal, piece of jewelry , costume , a painting ).

search term: learning Wikipedia Page

Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding , knowledge , behaviors , skills , values , attitudes , and preferences . The ability to learn is possessed by humans , non-human animals , and some machines ; there is also evidence for some kind of learning in certain plants . Some learning is immediate, induced by a single event (e.g. being burned by a hot stove ), but much skill and knowledge accumulate from repeated experiences. The changes induced by learning often last a lifetime, and it is hard to distinguish learned material that seems to be "lost" from that which cannot be retrieved.

search term: Tennyson Wikipedia Page

Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson FRS ( / ˈ t ɛ n ɪ s ən / ; 6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892) was an English poet. He was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom during much of Queen Victoria 's reign. In 1829 he was awarded the Chancellor's Gold Medal at Cambridge for one of his first pieces, "Timbuktu". He published his first solo collection of poems, Poems, Chiefly Lyrical , in 1830. " Claribel " and " Mariana ", which remain some of Tennyson's most celebrated poems, were included in this volume. Although described by some critics as overly sentimental, his poems ultimately proved popular and brought Tennyson to the attention of well-known writers of the day, including Samuel Taylor Coleridge . Tennyson's early poetry, with its medievalism and powerful visual imagery, was a major influence on the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood .

search term: western culture Wikipedia Page

Western culture , also known as Western civilization , European civilization , Occidental culture , Western society , or simply the West , is the internally diverse culture of the Western world . The term "Western" encompasses the social norms , ethical values , traditional customs , belief systems , political systems , artifacts and technologies primarily rooted in European and Mediterranean histories. A broad concept, "Western culture" does not relate to a region with fixed members or geographical confines. It generally refers to the classical era cultures of Ancient Greece , Ancient Rome , and their Christian successors that expanded across the Mediterranean basin and Europe , and later circulated around the world predominantly through colonization and globalization .

search term: grief Wikipedia Page

Grief is the response to the loss of something deemed important , in particular the death of a person or animal to which a bond or affection was formed. Although conventionally focused on the emotional response to loss, grief also has physical, cognitive, behavioral, social, cultural, spiritual, political and philosophical dimensions. While the terms are often used interchangeably, bereavement refers to the state of loss, while grief is the reaction to that loss.

search term: civic engagement Wikipedia Page

Civic engagement or civic participation is any Individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern . Civic engagement includes Community working together or individuals working alone in both political and non-political actions to protect public values or make a change in a community. The goal of civic engagement is to address public concerns and promote the quality of the community.

search term: Franz Kafka Wikipedia Page

Franz Kafka (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a German-language Jewish Czech writer and novelist born in Prague , in the Austro-Hungarian Empire . Widely regarded as a major figure of 20th-century literature , his work fuses elements of realism and the fantastique , and typically features isolated protagonists facing bizarre or surreal predicaments and incomprehensible socio- bureaucratic powers. The term Kafkaesque has entered the lexicon to describe situations like those depicted in his writings. His best-known works include the novella The Metamorphosis (1915) and the novels The Trial (1924) and The Castle (1926). His work has widely influenced artists, philosophers, composers, filmmakers, literary historians, religious scholars, and cultural theorists.

search term: The Castle Wikipedia Page

The Castle may refer to:

search term: civic space Wikipedia Page

Civic space is created by a set of universally-accepted rules, which allow people to organise, participate and communicate with each other freely and without hindrance, and in doing so, influence the political and social structures around them. It is a concept central to any open and democratic society and means that states have a duty to protect people while respecting and facilitating the fundamental rights to associate , assemble peacefully and express views and opinions.

search term: Sparta Wikipedia Page

Sparta was a prominent city-state in Laconia in ancient Greece . In antiquity, the state was known as Lacedaemon ( Λακεδαίμων , Lakedaímōn ), while "Sparta" referred to its capital, a group of villages in the valley of the Evrotas River in Laconia, in southeastern Peloponnese . Around 650 BC, it rose to become one of the major military powers in Greece, a status it retained until 371 BC.

search term: Spartans Wikipedia Page

Sparta was a prominent city-state in Laconia in ancient Greece . In antiquity, the state was known as Lacedaemon ( Λακεδαίμων , Lakedaímōn ), while "Sparta" referred to its capital, a group of villages in the valley of the Evrotas River in Laconia, in southeastern Peloponnese . Around 650 BC, it rose to become one of the major military powers in Greece, a status it retained until 371 BC.

search term: golden ratio Wikipedia Page

In mathematics , two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. Expressed algebraically, for quantities ⁠ ${\displaystyle a}$ ⁠ and ⁠ ${\displaystyle b}$ ⁠ with ⁠ ${\displaystyle a>b>0}$ ⁠ , ⁠ ${\displaystyle a}$ ⁠ is in a golden ratio to ⁠ ${\displaystyle b}$ ⁠ if $${\displaystyle {\frac {a+b}{a}}={\frac {a}{b}}=\varphi ,}$$ where the Greek letter phi ( ⁠ ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ ⁠ or ⁠ ${\displaystyle \phi }$ ⁠ ) denotes the golden ratio. The constant ⁠ ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ ⁠ satisfies the quadratic equation ⁠ ${\displaystyle \textstyle \varphi ^{2}=\varphi +1}$ ⁠ and is an irrational number with a value of ${\displaystyle \varphi ={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}={}}$ 1.618 033 988 749 .... The golden ratio was called the extreme and mean ratio by Euclid , and the divine proportion by Luca Pacioli ; it also goes by other names.

search term: IPCC Wikipedia Page

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations . Its job is to "provide governments at all levels with scientific information that they can use to develop climate policies ". The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) set up the IPCC in 1988. The United Nations endorsed the creation of the IPCC later that year. It has a secretariat in Geneva , Switzerland, hosted by the WMO. It has 195 member states who govern the IPCC. The member states elect a bureau of scientists to serve through an assessment cycle. A cycle is usually six to seven years. The bureau selects experts in their fields to prepare IPCC reports. There is a formal nomination process by governments and observer organizations to find these experts. The IPCC has three working groups and a task force, which carry out its scientific work.

search term: educational system Wikipedia Page

The educational system generally refers to the structure of all institutions and the opportunities for obtaining education within a country. It includes all pre-school institutions, starting from family education, and/or early childhood education , through kindergarten , primary, secondary, and tertiary schools, then lyceums , colleges , and faculties also known as Higher education (University education) . This framework also includes institutions of continuous (further) professional and personal education, as well as private educational institutions.

search term: sustainable development Wikipedia Page

Sustainable development is an approach to growth and human development that aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The aim is to have a society where living conditions and resources meet human needs without undermining planetary integrity . Sustainable development aims to balance the needs of the economy , environment , and society. The Brundtland Report in 1987 helped to make the concept of sustainable development better known.

search term: ecological systems Wikipedia Page

An ecosystem (or ecological system ) is a system formed by organisms in interaction with their environment . The biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.

search term: Durham Cathedral Wikipedia Page

Durham Cathedral , formally the Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham , is a Church of England cathedral in the city of Durham, England . The cathedral is the seat of the bishop of Durham and is the mother church of the diocese of Durham . It also contains the shrines of the Anglo-Saxon saints Cuthbert and Bede . There are daily Church of England services at the cathedral, and it received 727,367 visitors in 2019. It is a grade I listed building and forms part of the Durham Castle and Cathedral World Heritage Site .

search term: human activity Wikipedia Page

1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville · Marx · Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto · Tönnies · Veblen · Simmel · Durkheim · Addams · Mead · Weber · Du Bois · Mannheim · Elias

search term: polar bears Wikipedia Page

Ursus eogroenlandicus
Ursus groenlandicus
Ursus jenaensis
Ursus labradorensis
Ursus marinus
Ursus polaris
Ursus spitzbergensis
Ursus ungavensis
Thalarctos maritimus

search term: polar regions Wikipedia Page

The polar regions , also called the frigid zones or polar zones , of Earth are Earth's polar ice caps , the regions of the planet that surround its geographical poles (the North Pole and the South Pole ), lying within the polar circles . These high latitudes are dominated by floating sea ice covering much of the Arctic Ocean in the north, and by the Antarctic ice sheet on the continent of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the south.

search term: Psychology of Climate Change Wikipedia Page

Climate psychology is a field that aims to further our understanding of our psychological processes ' relationship to the climate and our environment. It aims to study both how the climate can impact our own thoughts and behaviors, as well as how our thoughts and behaviors impact the climate. This field often focuses on climate change, both in our reaction to it and how our behaviors can be changed in order to minimize the impact humanity has on the climate. These behavior changes include: engaging with the public about climate change, contributing at a personal, communal, cultural and political level by supporting effective change through activists, scientists, and policy makers, and finally nurturing psychological resilience to the destructive impacts climate change creates now and in the future.

search term: Hawaii Wikipedia Page

Hawaii ( / h ə . ˈ w aɪ . i / hə- WY -ee ; Hawaiian : Hawaiʻi [həˈvɐjʔi, həˈwɐjʔi] ) is an island state of the United States , in the Pacific Ocean about 2,000 miles (3,200 km) southwest of the U.S. mainland. One of the two non-contiguous U.S. states (along with Alaska), it is the only state not on the North American mainland, the only state that is an archipelago , and the only state in the tropics .

search term: Victorian England Wikipedia Page

In the history of the United Kingdom and the British Empire , the Victorian era was the reign of Queen Victoria , from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. Slightly different definitions are sometimes used. The era followed the Georgian era and preceded the Edwardian era , and its later half overlaps with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe.

search term: average global temperature Wikipedia Page

Global surface temperature ( GST ) is the average temperature of Earth 's surface at a given time. It is a combination of sea surface temperature and the near-surface air temperature over land, weighted by their respective areas. Temperature data comes mainly from weather stations and satellites . To estimate data in the distant past, proxy data can be used for example from tree rings , corals , and ice cores . Observing the rising GST over time is one of the many lines of evidence supporting the scientific consensus on climate change , which is that human activities are causing climate change . Alternative terms for the same concept are global mean surface temperature ( GMST ) or global average surface temperature .

search term: heatwaves Wikipedia Page

A heat wave or heatwave , sometimes described as extreme heat , is a period of abnormally hot weather that lasts for multiple days. A heat wave is usually measured relative to the usual climate in the area and to normal temperatures for the season. The main difficulties with this broad definition emerge when one must quantify what the 'normal' temperature state is, and what the spatial extent of the event may or must be. Temperatures that humans from a hotter climate consider normal can be regarded as a heat wave in a cooler area. This would be the case if the warm temperatures are outside the normal climate pattern for that area. Heat waves have become more frequent, and more intense over land, across almost every area on Earth since the 1950s, the increase in frequency and duration being caused by climate change . According to the World Meteorological Organization, heat waves continued to intensify in 2024, with record-breaking temperatures reported in Europe, North America, and China. Many regions experienced consecutive days above 45°C, highlighting the increasing frequency and severity of extreme heat events worldwide. .

search term: cyanobacteria Wikipedia Page

Cyanobacteria ( / s aɪ ˌ æ n oʊ b æ k ˈ t ɪər i ə / sy- AN -oh-bak- TEER -ee-ə ) are a group of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria of the phylum Cyanobacteriota that can obtain biological energy via oxygenic photosynthesis . The name "cyanobacteria" (from Ancient Greek κύανος ( kúanos ) ' blue ' ) refers to their bluish green ( cyan ) color, which forms the basis of cyanobacteria's informal common name , blue-green algae .

search term: photosynthesis Wikipedia Page

Photosynthesis ( / ˌ f oʊ t ə ˈ s ɪ n θ ə s ɪ s / FOH -tə- SINTH -ə-sis ) is a system of biological processes by which photopigment -bearing autotrophic organisms , such as most plants , algae and cyanobacteria , convert light energy — typically from sunlight — into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism . The term photosynthesis usually refers to oxygenic photosynthesis , a process that releases oxygen as a byproduct of water splitting . Photosynthetic organisms store the converted chemical energy within the bonds of intracellular organic compounds (complex compounds containing carbon ), typically carbohydrates like sugars (mainly glucose , fructose and sucrose ), starches , phytoglycogen and cellulose . When needing to use this stored energy, an organism's cells then metabolize the organic compounds through cellular respiration . Photosynthesis plays a critical role in producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere , and it supplies most of the biological energy necessary for complex life on Earth .

search term: paradox Wikipedia Page

A paradox is a logically self-contradictory statement or a statement that runs contrary to one's expectation. It is a statement that, despite apparently valid reasoning from true or apparently true premises, leads to a seemingly self-contradictory or a logically unacceptable conclusion. A paradox usually involves contradictory-yet-interrelated elements that exist simultaneously and persist over time. They result in "persistent contradiction between interdependent elements" leading to a lasting "unity of opposites".

search term: knowledge Wikipedia Page

Knowledge is an awareness of facts , a familiarity with individuals and situations , or a practical skill . Knowledge of facts, also called propositional knowledge, is often characterized as true belief that is distinct from opinion or guesswork by virtue of justification . While there is wide agreement among philosophers that propositional knowledge is a form of true belief, many controversies focus on justification. This includes questions like how to understand justification, whether it is needed at all, and whether something else besides it is needed. These controversies intensified in the latter half of the 20th century due to a series of thought experiments called Gettier cases that provoked alternative definitions.

search term: scientific knowledge Wikipedia Page

Science is a systematic discipline that builds and organises knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the universe. Modern science is typically divided into two – or three – major branches: the natural sciences , which study the physical world , and the social sciences , which study individuals and societies. While referred to as the formal sciences , the study of logic , mathematics , and theoretical computer science are typically regarded as separate because they rely on deductive reasoning instead of the scientific method as their main methodology. Meanwhile, applied sciences are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine.

search term: geological time Wikipedia Page

The geologic time scale or geological time scale ( GTS ) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth . It is a system of chronological dating that uses chronostratigraphy (the process of relating strata to time) and geochronology (a scientific branch of geology that aims to determine the age of rocks). It is used primarily by Earth scientists (including geologists , paleontologists , geophysicists , geochemists , and paleoclimatologists ) to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history. The time scale has been developed through the study of rock layers and the observation of their relationships and identifying features such as lithologies , paleomagnetic properties, and fossils . The definition of standardised international units of geological time is the responsibility of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), a constituent body of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), whose primary objective is to precisely define global chronostratigraphic units of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICC) that are used to define divisions of geological time. The chronostratigraphic divisions are in turn used to define geochronologic units.

search term: Montreal Protocol Wikipedia Page

The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion . It was agreed on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989. Since then, it has undergone several amendments and adjustments, with revisions agreed to in 1990 ( London ), 1992 ( Copenhagen ), 1995 ( Vienna ), 1997 ( Montreal ), 1999 ( Beijing ), 2007 (Montreal), 2016 ( Kigali ) and 2018 ( Quito ). As a result of the international agreement, the ozone hole over Antarctica is slowly recovering. Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2040 (across much of the world) and 2066 (over Antarctica). Due to its widespread adoption and implementation, it has been hailed as an example of successful international co-operation. Former United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated that "perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol". In comparison, effective burden-sharing and solution proposals mitigating regional conflicts of interest have been among the success factors for the ozone depletion challenge, where global regulation based on the Kyoto Protocol has failed to do so. In this case of the ozone depletion challenge, there was global regulation already being implemented before a scientific consensus was established. Also, overall public opinion was convinced of possible imminent risks.

search term: colonization Wikipedia Page

Colonization ( British English : colonisation ) is a process of establishing control over areas or peoples for foreign people to advance their trade, cultivation, exploitation and possibly settlement . Colonization functions through establishing a differentiation between the area and people of the colonized and colonizers, establishing metropoles , coloniality and possibly outright colonies . Colonization is commonly pursued and maintained by, but distinct from, imperialism , mercantilism , or colonialism . Conquest can take place without colonization, but a conquering process may often result in or from migration and colonizing. The term "colonization" is sometimes used synonymously with the word "settling", as with colonization in biology .

search term: energy sector Wikipedia Page

The energy industry refers to all of the industries involved in the production and sale of energy, including fuel extraction, manufacturing, refining and distribution. Modern society consumes large amounts of fuel, and the energy industry is a crucial part of the infrastructure and maintenance of society in almost all countries.

search term: public opinion Wikipedia Page

Public opinion , or popular opinion , is the collective opinion on a specific topic or voting intention relevant to society. It is the people's views on matters affecting them.

search term: climate action Wikipedia Page

Climate action (or climate change action ) refers to a range of activities, mechanisms, policy instruments, and so forth that aim at reducing the severity of human-induced climate change and its impacts . "More climate action" is a central demand of the climate movement . Climate inaction is the absence of climate action.

search term: Brazil Wikipedia Page

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America and a founding member of BRICS . It is also the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh-largest by population , with over 213 million people. The country is a federation composed of 26 states and a Federal District , which hosts the capital, Brasília . Its most populous city is São Paulo , followed by Rio de Janeiro . Brazil has the most Portuguese speakers in the world and is the only country in the Americas where Portuguese is an official language .

search term: engineering Wikipedia Page

Engineering is the practice of using natural science , mathematics , and the engineering design process to solve problems within technology , increase efficiency and productivity , and improve systems . The traditional disciplines of engineering are civil , mechanical , electrical , and chemical . The academic discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized subfields, and each can have a more specific emphasis for applications of mathematics and science . In turn, modern engineering practice spans multiple fields of engineering , which include designing and improving infrastructure , machinery , vehicles , electronics , materials , and energy systems . For related terms, see glossary of engineering .

search term: COP21 Wikipedia Page

The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference , COP 21 or CMP 11 was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12 December 2015. It was the 21st yearly session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 11th session of the Meeting of the Parties (CMP) to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol .

search term: Buddhists Wikipedia Page

Buddhists ( listen ) are people who adhere to Buddhism , a religious and philosophical tradition founded by Siddhartha Gautama , the Buddha , in the 5th–4th century BCE in India . Buddhist identity can be religious, cultural, or secular, encompassing monastic practitioners, lay followers, and individuals who adopt meditation and ethical practices without formal rituals.

search term: carbon emissions Wikipedia Page

Greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect . This contributes to climate change . Carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ), from burning fossil fuels such as coal , oil , and natural gas , is the main cause of climate change. The largest annual emissions are from China followed by the United States. The United States has higher emissions per capita . The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies . Emissions from human activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases . Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before. Total cumulative emissions from 1870 to 2022 were 703 GtC (2575 GtCO ₂ ), of which 484±20 GtC (1773±73 GtCO ₂ ) from fossil fuels and industry, and 219±60 GtC (802±220 GtCO ₂ ) from land use change . Land-use change , such as deforestation , caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2022, coal 32%, oil 24%, and gas 10%.

search term: wind turbines Wikipedia Page

A wind turbine is a device that converts the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy . As of 2020 , hundreds of thousands of large turbines , in installations known as wind farms , were generating over 650 gigawatts of power, with 60 GW added each year. Wind turbines are an increasingly important source of intermittent renewable energy , and are used in many countries to lower energy costs and reduce reliance on fossil fuels . One study claimed that, as of 2009, wind had the "lowest relative greenhouse gas emissions, the least water consumption demands and the most favorable social impacts" compared to photovoltaic , hydro , geothermal , coal and gas energy sources.

search term: carbon footprint Wikipedia Page

A carbon footprint (or greenhouse gas footprint ) is a calculated value or index that makes it possible to compare the total amount of greenhouse gases that an activity, product, company or country adds to the atmosphere . Carbon footprints are usually reported in tonnes of emissions ( CO ₂ -equivalent ) per unit of comparison. Such units can be for example tonnes CO ₂ -eq per year , per kilogram of protein for consumption , per kilometer travelled , per piece of clothing and so forth. A product's carbon footprint includes the emissions for the entire life cycle . These run from the production along the supply chain to its final consumption and disposal.

search term: legislation Wikipedia Page

Legislation is the process or result of enrolling , enacting , or promulgating laws by a legislature , parliament , or analogous governing body . Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill , and may be broadly referred to as "legislation" while it remains under consideration to distinguish it from other business. Legislation can have many purposes: to regulate, to authorize, to outlaw, to provide (funds), to sanction, to grant, to declare, or to restrict. It may be contrasted with a non-legislative act by an executive or administrative body under the authority of a legislative act.

search term: investments Wikipedia Page

Investment is traditionally defined as the "commitment of resources into something expected to gain value over time". If an investment involves money, then it can be defined as a "commitment of money to receive more money later". From a broader viewpoint, an investment can be defined as "to tailor the pattern of expenditure and receipt of resources to optimise the desirable patterns of these flows". When expenditures and receipts are defined in terms of money, then the net monetary receipt in a time period is termed cash flow , while money received in a series of several time periods is termed cash flow stream.

search term: democratic space Wikipedia Page

Democratic Space ( Spazio Democratico , SD) is a Christian-democratic faction within the Democratic Party (PD), a political party in Italy .

search term: Guernica Wikipedia Page

Guernica ( / ɡ ər ˈ n iː k ə , ˈ ɡ ɜːr n ɪ k ə / , Spanish pronunciation: [ɡeɾˈnika] ), officially Gernika ( pronounced [ɡernika] ) in Basque, is a town in the province of Biscay , in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country , Spain. The town of Guernica is one part (along with neighbouring Lumo) of the municipality of Gernika-Lumo ( Spanish : Guernica y Luno ), whose population was 16,224 as of 2009 .

search term: cultural memory Wikipedia Page

Cultural memory is a form of collective memory shared by a group of people who share a culture. The theory posits that memory is not just an individual, private experience but also part of the collective domain, which both shapes the future and our understanding of the past. It has become a topic in both historiography , which emphasizes the process of forming cultural memory, and cultural studies , which emphasizes the implications and objects of cultural memory.

search term: ancien regime Wikipedia Page

The ancien régime ( / ˌ ɒ̃ s j æ̃ r eɪ ˈ ʒ iː m / ; French: [ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim] ; lit. ' old rule ' ) was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France that the French Revolution overturned through its abolition in 1790 of the feudal system of the French nobility and in 1792 through its execution of King Louis XVI and declaration of a republic . "Ancien régime" is now a common metaphor for "a system or mode no longer prevailing".

search term: Chemistry Wikipedia Page

Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter . It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms , molecules and ions : their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other substances . Chemistry also addresses the nature of chemical bonds in chemical compounds .

search term: disinformation Wikipedia Page

Disinformation is misleading content deliberately spread to deceive people, or to secure economic or political gain and which may cause public harm. Disinformation is an orchestrated adversarial activity in which actors employ strategic deceptions and media manipulation tactics to advance political, military, or commercial goals. Disinformation is implemented through coordinated campaigns that "weaponize multiple rhetorical strategies and forms of knowing—including not only falsehoods but also truths , half-truths , and value judgements —to exploit and amplify culture wars and other identity-driven controversies."

search term: drought Wikipedia Page

A drought is a period of drier-than-normal conditions. A drought can last for days, months or years. Drought often has large impacts on the ecosystems and agriculture of affected regions, and causes harm to the local economy . Annual dry seasons in the tropics significantly increase the chances of a drought developing, with subsequent increased wildfire risks. Heat waves can significantly worsen drought conditions by increasing evapotranspiration . This dries out forests and other vegetation, and increases the amount of fuel for wildfires.

search term: life expectancy Wikipedia Page

Human life expectancy is a statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age. The most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth ( LEB , or in demographic notation e ₀ , where e _x denotes the average life remaining at age x ). This can be defined in two ways. Cohort LEB is the mean length of life of a birth cohort (in this case, all individuals born in a given year) and can be computed only for cohorts born so long ago that all their members have died. Period LEB is the mean length of life of a hypothetical cohort assumed to be exposed, from birth through death, to the mortality rates observed at a given year. National LEB figures reported by national agencies and international organizations for human populations are estimates of period LEB.

search term: Great Famine Wikipedia Page

Great Famine may refer to:

search term: Bengal Famine Wikipedia Page

There have been several significant famines in the history of Bengal (now independent Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal ) including:

search term: Indian economy Wikipedia Page

The economy of India is a developing mixed economy with a notable public sector in strategic sectors. It is the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP); on a per capita income basis, India ranked 136th by GDP (nominal) and 119th by GDP (PPP) . From independence in 1947 until 1991, successive governments followed the Soviet model and promoted protectionist economic policies, with extensive Sovietization , state intervention , demand-side economics , natural resources, bureaucrat-driven enterprises and economic regulation . This was a form of the Licence Raj . The end of the Cold War and an acute balance of payments crisis in 1991 led to the adoption of a broad economic liberalisation in India and indicative planning . India has about 1,900 public sector companies, with the Indian state having complete control and ownership of railways and highways. The Indian government has major control over banking, insurance, farming, fertilizers and chemicals, airports, essential utilities. The state also exerts substantial control over digitalization, telecommunication, supercomputing, space, port and shipping industries, which were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s but has seen the emergence of key corporate players.

search term: United States Wikipedia Page

The United States of America ( USA ), also known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a country primarily located in North America . It is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous states border Canada to the north and Mexico to the south, with the semi-exclave of Alaska in the northwest and the archipelago of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean . The United States also asserts sovereignty over five major island territories and various uninhabited islands in Oceania and the Caribbean . It is a megadiverse country , with the world's third-largest land area and third-largest population , exceeding 340 million.

search term: electric cars Wikipedia Page

An electric car or electric vehicle ( EV ) is a passenger automobile that is propelled by an electric traction motor , using electrical energy as the primary source of propulsion . The term normally refers to a plug-in electric vehicle , typically a battery electric vehicle (BEV), which only uses energy stored in on-board battery packs , but broadly may also include plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), range-extended electric vehicle (REEV) and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), which can convert electric power from other fuels via a generator or a fuel cell .

search term: Egypt Wikipedia Page

Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula . It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , Palestine ( Gaza Strip ) and Israel to the northeast , the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west ; the Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia . Cairo is the capital, largest city , and leading cultural center, while Alexandria is the second-largest city and an important hub of industry and tourism. With over 107 million inhabitants, Egypt is the third-most populous country in Africa and 15th-most populated in the world .

search term: human culture Wikipedia Page

Culture ( / ˈ k ʌ l tʃ ər / KUL -chər ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior , institutions , and norms found in human societies , as well as the knowledge , beliefs , arts , laws , customs , capabilities, attitudes , and habits of the individuals in these groups. Culture often originates from or is attributed to a specific region or location.

search term: ExxonMobil Wikipedia Page

Exxon Mobil Corporation ( / ˌ ɛ k s ɒ n ˈ m oʊ b əl / EK -son MOH -bəl ) is an American multinational oil and gas corporation headquartered in Spring, Texas , a suburb of Houston . Founded as the largest direct successor of John D. Rockefeller 's Standard Oil , the company was formed in 1999, with the merger of Exxon and Mobil . It is vertically integrated across the entire oil and gas industry, as well as within its chemicals division, which produces plastic, synthetic rubber, and other chemical products. As the largest U.S.-based oil and gas company, ExxonMobil is the seventh-largest company by revenue in the U.S. and 13th-largest in the world . It is also the largest investor-owned oil company in the world. Approximately 55.56% of the company's shares are held by institutions, the largest of which, as of 2019, were The Vanguard Group (8.15%), BlackRock (6.61%), and State Street Corporation (4.83%).

search term: Luxembourg Wikipedia Page

– in Europe (light green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (light green)  –  [ Legend ]

search term: climate Wikipedia Page

Climate is the long-term weather pattern in a region, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature , humidity , atmospheric pressure , wind , and precipitation . In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the climate system , including the atmosphere , hydrosphere , cryosphere , lithosphere and biosphere and the interactions between them. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude , longitude , terrain , altitude , land use and nearby water bodies and their currents.

search term: dynamic systems Wikipedia Page

In mathematics , a dynamical system is a system in which a function describes the time dependence of a point in an ambient space , such as in a parametric curve . Examples include the mathematical models that describe the swinging of a clock pendulum , the flow of water in a pipe , the random motion of particles in the air , and the number of fish each springtime in a lake . The most general definition unifies several concepts in mathematics such as ordinary differential equations and ergodic theory by allowing different choices of the space and how time is measured. Time can be measured by integers, by real or complex numbers or can be a more general algebraic object, losing the memory of its physical origin, and the space may be a manifold or simply a set , without the need of a smooth space-time structure defined on it.

search term: planetary systems Wikipedia Page

A planetary system consists of a set of non-stellar bodies which are gravitationally bound to and in orbit of a star or star system . Generally speaking, such systems will include planets , and may include other objects such as dwarf planets , asteroids , natural satellites , meteoroids , comets , planetesimals , and circumstellar disks . The Solar System is an example of a planetary system, in which Earth , seven other planets, and other celestial objects are bound to and revolve around the Sun . The term exoplanetary system is sometimes used in reference to planetary systems other than the Solar System. By convention planetary systems are named after their host, or parent, star, as is the case with the Solar System being named after "Sol" (Latin for sun).

search term: AMOC Wikipedia Page

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation ( AMOC ) is the main ocean current system in the Atlantic Ocean . It is a component of Earth's ocean circulation system and plays an important role in the climate system . The AMOC includes Atlantic currents at the surface and at great depths that are driven by changes in weather, temperature and salinity . Those currents comprise half of the global thermohaline circulation that includes the flow of major ocean currents, the other half being the Southern Ocean overturning circulation .

search term: anatomy Wikipedia Page

Anatomy (from Ancient Greek ἀνατομή ( anatomḗ ) ' dissection ' ) is the branch of morphology concerned with the study of the internal and external structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times.

search term: WMO Wikipedia Page

The World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science , climatology , hydrology and geophysics .

search term: exponential growth Wikipedia Page

Exponential growth occurs when a quantity grows as an exponential function of time. The quantity grows at a rate directly proportional to its present size. For example, when it is 3 times as big as it is now, it will be growing 3 times as fast as it is now.

search term: paradigms Wikipedia Page

In science and philosophy , a paradigm ( / ˈ p ær ə d aɪ m / PARR -ə-dyme ) is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods , postulates, and standards for what constitute legitimate contributions to a field. The word paradigm is Greek in origin, meaning "pattern". It is closely related to the discussion of theory-ladenness in the philosophy of science.

search term: Newton Wikipedia Page

Newton most commonly refers to:

search term: Newtonian Physics Wikipedia Page

In physics , classical mechanics is a theory that describes the effect of forces on the motion of macroscopic objects and bulk matter , without considering quantum and relativistic effects.

search term: Solar System Wikipedia Page

The Solar System consists of the Sun and the objects that orbit it. The name comes from Sōl , the Latin name for the Sun. It formed about 4.6 billion years ago when a dense region of a molecular cloud collapsed, creating the Sun and a protoplanetary disc from which the orbiting bodies assembled. The fusion of hydrogen into helium inside the Sun's core releases energy, which is primarily emitted through its outer photosphere . This creates a decreasing temperature gradient across the system. Over 99.86% of the Solar System's mass is located within the Sun.

search term: Bible Wikipedia Page

The Bible is a collection of religious texts that are central to Christianity and Judaism , and esteemed in other Abrahamic religions such as Islam . The Bible is an anthology (a compilation of texts of a variety of forms) originally written in Hebrew (with some parts in Aramaic ) and Koine Greek . The texts include instructions, stories, poetry , prophecies , and other genres. The collection of materials accepted as part of the Bible by a particular religious tradition or community is called a biblical canon . Believers generally consider it to be a product of divine inspiration , but the way they understand what that means and interpret the text varies.

search term: Quantum Physics Wikipedia Page

Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms . It is the foundation of all quantum physics , which includes quantum chemistry , quantum biology , quantum field theory , quantum technology , and quantum information science .

search term: climate activism Wikipedia Page

The climate movement is a global social movement focused on pressuring governments and industry to take action (also called climate action ) addressing the causes and impacts of climate change . Citizens and environmental non-profit organizations have engaged in significant climate activism since the late 1980s and early 1990s, as they sought to influence the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) . Climate activism has become increasingly prominent over time, gaining significant momentum during the 2009 Copenhagen Summit and particularly following the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2016.

search term: Deep South Wikipedia Page

The Deep South or the Lower South is a cultural and geographic subregion of the Southern United States . The term is used to describe the states which were most economically dependent on plantations and slavery , generally Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama , Georgia , and South Carolina . East Texas , North Florida , the Arkansas Delta , South Arkansas , West Tennessee , and the southern part of North Carolina are sometimes included as well. Following the end of the American Civil War in 1865, the region experienced significant economic hardship and became a focal point of racial tension during and after the Reconstruction era .

search term: slavery Wikipedia Page

Slavery is the ownership of a person as property , especially in regards to their labour. It is an economic phenomenon and its history resides in economic history. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavement is the placement of a person into slavery, and the person is called a slave or an enslaved person (see § Terminology ).

search term: Mamie Till Wikipedia Page

Mamie Elizabeth Till-Mobley (born Mamie Elizabeth Carthan ; November 23, 1921 – January 6, 2003), an American educator and civil rights activist, was the mother of Emmett Till , the 14-year-old youth murdered in Mississippi on August 28, 1955, after being accused of offending a white grocery store cashier named Carolyn Bryant. For Emmett's funeral in Chicago, Mamie Till insisted that the coffin containing his body be left open because, in her words, "I wanted the world to see what they did to my baby."

search term: Soul Music Wikipedia Page

Soul music is a musical genre.

search term: vertigo Wikipedia Page

Vertigo is a condition in which a person has the sensation that they are moving, or that objects around them are moving, when they are not. Often it feels like a spinning or swaying movement. It may be associated with nausea , vomiting , perspiration , or difficulties walking. It is typically worse when the head is moved. Vertigo is the most common type of dizziness .

search term: free market Wikipedia Page

In economics , a free market is an economic system in which the prices of goods and services are determined by supply and demand expressed by sellers and buyers. Such markets, as modeled, operate without the intervention of government or any other external authority. Proponents of the free market as a normative ideal contrast it with a regulated market , in which a government intervenes in supply and demand by means of various methods such as taxes or regulations . In an idealized free market economy , prices for goods and services are set solely by the bids and offers of the participants.

search term: BBC website Wikipedia Page

BBC Online , formerly known as BBCi , is the BBC 's online service. It is a large network of websites including such high-profile sites as BBC News and Sport , the on-demand video and radio services branded BBC iPlayer and BBC Sounds , the children's sites CBBC and CBeebies , and learning services such as Bitesize and Own It . The BBC has had an online presence supporting its TV and radio programmes and web-only initiatives since April 1994, but did not launch officially until 28 April 1997, following government approval to fund it by TV licence fee revenue as a service in its own right. Throughout its history, the online plans of the BBC have been subject to competition and complaint from its commercial rivals, which has resulted in various public consultations and government reviews to investigate their claims that its large presence and public funding distorts the UK market.

search term: Cassandra Wikipedia Page

In Greek mythology , Cassandra or Casandra ( / k ə ˈ s æ n d r ə / ; Ancient Greek : Κασ(σ)άνδρα , pronounced [kas:ándra] , sometimes referred to as Alexandra ; Ἀλεξάνδρα ) was a Trojan priestess dedicated to the god Apollo and fated by him to utter true prophecies but never to be believed. In modern usage her name is employed as a rhetorical device to indicate a person whose accurate predictions, generally of impending disaster, are not believed.

search term: Motion Blindness Wikipedia Page

Akinetopsia (from Greek akinesia 'absence of movement' and opsis 'seeing'), also known as cerebral akinetopsia or motion blindness , is an extremely rare neuropsychological disorder, having only been documented in a handful of medical cases, in which a patient cannot perceive motion in their visual field, despite being able to see stationary objects without issue. The syndrome is the result of damage to visual area V5 , whose cells are specialized to detect directional visual motion. There are varying degrees of akinetopsia: from seeing motion as frames of a cinema reel to an inability to discriminate any motion. There is currently no effective treatment or cure for akinetopsia.

search term: cognitive dissonance Wikipedia Page

In the field of psychology , cognitive dissonance is described as a mental phenomenon in which people unknowingly or subconsciously hold fundamentally conflicting cognitions. Being confronted by situations that create this dissonance or highlight these inconsistencies motivates change in their cognitions or actions to reduce this dissonance, maybe by changing a belief or maybe by explaining something away.

search term: survey Wikipedia Page

search term: Republicans Wikipedia Page

Republican can refer to:

search term: Einstein Wikipedia Page

Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist best known for developing the theory of relativity . Einstein also made important contributions to quantum theory . His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc , which arises from special relativity , has been called "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for "his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect ".

search term: Relativity Wikipedia Page

Relativity may refer to:

search term: hamburger Wikipedia Page

A hamburger , simply known as a burger , consists of fillings—usually a patty of ground meat, typically beef —placed inside a sliced bun or bread roll . The patties are often served with cheese, lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, bacon, or chilis with condiments such as ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, relish or a "special sauce", often a variation of Thousand Island dressing , and are frequently placed on sesame seed buns . A hamburger patty topped with cheese is called a cheeseburger . Under some definitions, and in some cultures, a hamburger is considered a sandwich .

search term: Aristotle Wikipedia Page

Aristotle ( Attic Greek : Ἀριστοτέλης , romanized: Aristotélēs ; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and polymath . His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences , philosophy , linguistics , economics , politics , psychology , and the arts . As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens , he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science .

search term: morality Wikipedia Page

Morality (from Latin moralitas ' manner, character , proper behavior ' ) is the categorization of intentions , decisions and actions into those that are proper , or right , and those that are improper , or wrong . Morality can be a body of standards or principles derived from a code of conduct from a particular philosophy , religion or culture , or it can derive from a standard that is understood to be universal . Morality may also be specifically synonymous with " goodness ", "appropriateness" or "rightness".

search term: openness Wikipedia Page

Openness is an overarching concept that is characterized by an emphasis on transparency and collaboration . That is, openness refers to "accessibility of knowledge, technology and other resources; the transparency of action; the permeability of organisational structures; and the inclusiveness of participation". Openness can be said to be the opposite of closedness, central authority and secrecy .

search term: modernity Wikipedia Page

Modernity , a topic in the humanities and social sciences , is both a historical period (the modern era ) and the ensemble of particular socio - cultural norms , attitudes and practices that arose in the wake of the Renaissance —in the Age of Reason of 17th-century thought and the 18th-century Enlightenment . Commentators variously consider the era of modernity to have ended by 1930, with World War II in 1945, or as late as the period falling between the 1980s and 1990s; the following era is often referred to as " postmodernity ". The term " contemporary history " is also used to refer to the post-1945 timeframe, without assigning it to either the modern or postmodern era. (Thus "modern" may be used as a name of a particular era in the past, as opposed to meaning "the current era".)

search term: lithium Wikipedia Page

Lithium (from Ancient Greek : λίθος , líthos , ' stone ' ) is a chemical element ; it has symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal . Under standard conditions , it is the least dense metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and must be stored in vacuum, inert atmosphere, or inert liquid such as purified kerosene or mineral oil. It exhibits a metallic luster when pure, but quickly corrodes in air to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. It does not occur freely in nature, but occurs mainly as pegmatitic minerals, which were once the main source of lithium. Due to its solubility as an ion, it is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines . Lithium metal is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride .

search term: OECD Wikipedia Page

Prescriptive and policy

search term: problem solving Wikipedia Page

Problem solving is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, a frequent part of most activities. Problems in need of solutions range from simple personal tasks (e.g. how to turn on an appliance) to complex issues in business and technical fields. The former is an example of simple problem solving ( SPS ) addressing one issue, whereas the latter is complex problem solving ( CPS ) with multiple interrelated obstacles. Another classification of problem-solving tasks is into well-defined problems with specific obstacles and goals, and ill-defined problems in which the current situation is troublesome but it is not clear what kind of resolution to aim for. Similarly, one may distinguish formal or fact-based problems requiring psychometric intelligence , versus socio-emotional problems which depend on the changeable emotions of individuals or groups, such as tactful behavior, fashion, or gift choices.

search term: mathematics Wikipedia Page

Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, theories, and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many areas of mathematics, which include number theory (the study of numbers), algebra (the study of formulas and related structures), geometry (the study of shapes and spaces that contain them), analysis (the study of continuous changes), and set theory (presently used as a foundation for all mathematics).

search term: rule of law Wikipedia Page

The essence of the rule of law is that all people and institutions within a political body are subject to the same laws. This concept is sometimes stated simply as "no one is above the law" or "all are equal before the law". According to Encyclopædia Britannica , it is defined as "the mechanism, process, institution, practice, or norm that supports the equality of all citizens before the law, secures a nonarbitrary form of government, and more generally prevents the arbitrary use of power."

search term: nuclear fusion Wikipedia Page

Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus. The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifested as either the release or absorption of energy . This difference in mass arises as a result of the difference in nuclear binding energy between the atomic nuclei before and after the fusion reaction. Nuclear fusion is the process that powers all active stars , via many reaction pathways .

search term: religious belief Wikipedia Page

A belief is a subjective attitude that something is true or a state of affairs is the case. A subjective attitude is a mental state of having some stance , take, or opinion about something. In epistemology , philosophers use the term belief to refer to attitudes about the world which can be either true or false . To believe something is to take it to be true; for instance, to believe that snow is white is comparable to accepting the truth of the proposition "snow is white". However, holding a belief does not require active introspection . For example, few individuals carefully consider whether or not the sun will rise tomorrow, simply assuming that it will. Moreover, beliefs need not be occurrent (e.g., a person actively thinking "snow is white"), but can instead be dispositional (e.g., a person who if asked about the color of snow would assert "snow is white").

search term: wisdom Wikipedia Page

Wisdom , also known as sapience , is the ability to apply knowledge , experience , and good judgment to navigate life's complexities. It is often associated with insight , discernment, and ethics in decision-making. Throughout history, wisdom has been regarded as a key virtue in philosophy , religion , and psychology , representing the ability to understand and respond to reality in a balanced and thoughtful manner. Unlike intelligence , which primarily concerns problem-solving and reasoning, wisdom involves a deeper comprehension of human nature , moral principles , and the long-term consequences of actions.

search term: bureaucracy Wikipedia Page

Bureaucracy ( / b j ʊəˈr ɒ k r ə s i / bure- OK -rə-see ) is a system of organization where laws or regulatory authority are implemented by civil servants (non-elected officials). Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials. Today, bureaucracy is the administrative system governing any large institution, whether publicly owned or privately owned. The public administration in many jurisdictions is an example of bureaucracy, as is any centralized hierarchical structure of an institution, including corporations , societies , nonprofit organizations , and clubs .

search term: Gregor Wikipedia Page

Gregor is a masculine given name . Notable people and fictional characters with the name include:

search term: autonomy Wikipedia Page

In developmental psychology and moral , political , bioethical philosophy , autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision. Autonomous organizations or institutions are independent or self-governing. Autonomy can also be defined from a human resources perspective, where it denotes a (relatively high) level of discretion granted to an employee in their work. In such cases, autonomy is known to generally increase job satisfaction . Self-actualized individuals are thought to operate autonomously of external expectations. In a medical context, respect for a patient's personal autonomy is considered one of many fundamental ethical principles in medicine .

search term: seamanship Wikipedia Page

Seamanship is the art , competence , and knowledge of operating a ship , boat or other craft on water. The Oxford Dictionary states that seamanship is "The skill, techniques, or practice of handling a ship or boat at sea."

search term: Piketty Wikipedia Page

Thomas Piketty ( French: [tɔmɑ pikɛti] ; born 7 May 1971) is a French economist who is a professor of economics at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences , associate chair at the Paris School of Economics (PSE) and Centennial Professor of Economics in the International Inequalities Institute at the London School of Economics (LSE).

search term: The Academy Wikipedia Page

An academy is an institution of secondary education or higher learning, research, or honorary membership.

search term: CO2 emissions Wikipedia Page

Greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect . This contributes to climate change . Carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ), from burning fossil fuels such as coal , oil , and natural gas , is the main cause of climate change. The largest annual emissions are from China followed by the United States. The United States has higher emissions per capita . The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies . Emissions from human activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases . Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before. Total cumulative emissions from 1870 to 2022 were 703 GtC (2575 GtCO ₂ ), of which 484±20 GtC (1773±73 GtCO ₂ ) from fossil fuels and industry, and 219±60 GtC (802±220 GtCO ₂ ) from land use change . Land-use change , such as deforestation , caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2022, coal 32%, oil 24%, and gas 10%.

search term: Statistical Society Wikipedia Page

The Royal Statistical Society ( RSS ) is an established statistical society. It has three main roles: a British learned society for statistics , a professional body for statisticians and a charity which promotes statistics for the public good.

search term: Science Communication Wikipedia Page

Science communication encompasses a wide range of activities that connect science and society . Common goals of science communication include informing non-experts about scientific findings, raising the public awareness of and interest in science , influencing people's attitudes and behaviors, informing public policy , and engaging with diverse communities to address societal problems. The term "science communication" generally refers to settings in which audiences are not experts on the scientific topic being discussed ( outreach ), though some authors categorize expert-to-expert communication ("inreach" such as publication in scientific journals ) as a type of science communication. Examples of outreach include science journalism and health communication . Since science has political, moral, and legal implications, science communication can help bridge gaps between different stakeholders in public policy, industry, and civil society.

search term: European School Wikipedia Page

A European School ( Latin : Schola Europaea ) is a type of international school emphasising a multilingual and multicultural pedagogical approach to the teaching of nursery, primary and secondary students, leading to the European Baccalaureate as their secondary leaving qualification . Each European School is set up, financed, and operated by the international organisation, the " European Schools ", controlled jointly by the member states of the European Union and the European Commission. The schools prioritise, for enrolment purposes, the children of EU staff.

search term: natural sciences Wikipedia Page

Natural science or empirical science is a branch of science concerned with the description, understanding, and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer review and reproducibility of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances.

search term: Holocaust Wikipedia Page

The Holocaust ( / ˈ h ɒ l ə k ɔː s t / HOL -ə-kawst ), known in Hebrew as the Shoah ( / ˈ ʃ oʊ ə / SHOH -ə ; Hebrew: שּׁוֹאָה , romanized: Shoah , IPA: [ʃoˈʔa] , lit. ' Catastrophe ' ), was the genocide of European Jews during World War II . From 1941 to 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe , around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were committed primarily through mass shootings across Eastern Europe and poison gas chambers in extermination camps , chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau , Treblinka , Belzec , Sobibor , and Chełmno in occupied Poland . Separate Nazi persecutions killed millions of other non-Jewish civilians and prisoners of war (POWs); the term Holocaust is sometimes used to include the murder and persecution of non-Jewish groups .

search term: mass extinction event Wikipedia Page

An extinction event (also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis ) is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth . Such an event is identified by a sharp fall in the diversity and abundance of multicellular organisms . It occurs when the rate of extinction increases with respect to the background extinction rate and the rate of speciation .

search term: polar bear Wikipedia Page

Ursus eogroenlandicus
Ursus groenlandicus
Ursus jenaensis
Ursus labradorensis
Ursus marinus
Ursus polaris
Ursus spitzbergensis
Ursus ungavensis
Thalarctos maritimus

search term: climate emergency Wikipedia Page

Climate emergency may refer to:

search term: primary school Wikipedia Page

A primary school (in Ireland, India, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, South Africa, and Singapore ), elementary school , or grade school (in North America and the Philippines) is a school for primary education of children who are 4 to 10 years of age (and in many cases, 11 years of age). Primary schooling follows preschool and precedes secondary schooling .

search term: public Wikipedia Page

In public relations and communication science , publics are groups of individual people , and the public (a.k.a. the general public ) is the totality of such groupings. This is a different concept to the sociological concept of the Öffentlichkeit or public sphere .

search term: Maths Wikipedia Page

Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, theories, and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many areas of mathematics, which include number theory (the study of numbers), algebra (the study of formulas and related structures), geometry (the study of shapes and spaces that contain them), analysis (the study of continuous changes), and set theory (presently used as a foundation for all mathematics).

search term: Upper Room Wikipedia Page

The Cenacle (from the Latin cenaculum , "dining room"), also known as the Upper Room (from the Koine Greek anagaion and hyperōion , both meaning "upper room"), is a room in Mount Zion in Jerusalem , just outside the Old City walls , traditionally held to be the site of the Last Supper , the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus held with the apostles .

search term: religion Wikipedia Page

Religion is a range of social - cultural systems , including designated behaviors and practices, ethics , morals , beliefs , worldviews , texts , sanctified places , prophecies , or organizations , that generally relate humanity to supernatural , transcendental , and spiritual elements —although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion. It is an essentially contested concept . Different religions may or may not contain various elements ranging from the divine , sacredness , faith , and a supernatural being or beings.

search term: religious community Wikipedia Page

Religious community may refer to:

search term: floods Wikipedia Page

A flood is an overflow of water ( or rarely other fluids ) that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide . Floods are of significant concern in agriculture , civil engineering and public health . Human changes to the environment often increase the intensity and frequency of flooding. Examples for human changes are land use changes such as deforestation and removal of wetlands , changes in waterway course or flood controls such as with levees . Global environmental issues also influence causes of floods, namely climate change which causes an intensification of the water cycle and sea level rise . For example, climate change makes extreme weather events more frequent and stronger. This leads to more intense floods and increased flood risk.

search term: hurricanes Wikipedia Page

A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system with a low-pressure area , a closed low-level atmospheric circulation , strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls . Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is called a hurricane ( / ˈ h ʌr ɪ k ən , - k eɪ n / ), typhoon ( / t aɪ ˈ f uː n / ), tropical storm , cyclonic storm , tropical depression , or simply cyclone . A hurricane is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean . A typhoon is the same thing which occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the Indian Ocean and South Pacific, comparable storms are referred to as "tropical cyclones". In modern times, on average around 80 to 90 named tropical cyclones form each year around the world, over half of which develop hurricane-force winds of 65 kn (120 km/h; 75 mph) or more.

search term: vital organs Wikipedia Page

In a multicellular organism , an organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function . In the hierarchy of life , an organ lies between tissue and an organ system . Tissues are formed from same type cells to act together in a function. Tissues of different types combine to form an organ which has a specific function. The intestinal wall for example is formed by epithelial tissue and smooth muscle tissue . Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific body function form an organ system, also called a biological system or body system.

search term: hyperpyrexia Wikipedia Page

Fever or pyrexia in humans is a symptom of an anti-infection defense mechanism that appears with body temperature exceeding the normal range caused by an increase in the body's temperature set point in the hypothalamus . There is no single agreed-upon upper limit for normal temperature: sources use values ranging between 37.2 and 38.3 °C (99.0 and 100.9 °F) in humans.

search term: low confidence Wikipedia Page

Analytic confidence is a rating employed by intelligence analysts to convey doubt to decision makers about a statement of estimative probability . The need for analytic confidence ratings arise from analysts' imperfect knowledge of a conceptual model . An analytic confidence rating pairs with a statement using a word of estimative probability to form a complete analytic statement. Scientific methods for determining analytic confidence remain in infancy.

search term: albedo Wikipedia Page

Albedo ( / æ l ˈ b iː d oʊ / al- BEE -doh ; from Latin albedo ' whiteness ' ) is the fraction of sunlight that is diffusely reflected by a body. It is measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation). Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity J _e to the irradiance E _e (flux per unit area) received by a surface. The proportion reflected is not only determined by properties of the surface itself, but also by the spectral and angular distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. These factors vary with atmospheric composition, geographic location, and time (see position of the Sun ).

search term: thermal energy Wikipedia Page

The term " thermal energy " is often used ambiguously in physics and engineering. It can denote several different physical concepts, including:

search term: feedback loop Wikipedia Page

Collective intelligence
Collective action
Self-organized criticality
Herd mentality
Phase transition
Agent-based modelling
Synchronization
Ant colony optimization
Particle swarm optimization
Swarm behaviour

search term: social change Wikipedia Page

1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville · Marx · Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto · Tönnies · Veblen · Simmel · Durkheim · Addams · Mead · Weber · Du Bois · Mannheim · Elias

search term: Paradigm Shifts Wikipedia Page

A paradigm shift is a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline . It is a concept in the philosophy of science that was introduced and brought into the common lexicon by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn . Even though Kuhn restricted the use of the term to the natural sciences , the concept of a paradigm shift has also been used in numerous non-scientific contexts to describe a profound change in a fundamental model or perception of events.

search term: Sociology Wikipedia Page

1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville · Marx · Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto · Tönnies · Veblen · Simmel · Durkheim · Addams · Mead · Weber · Du Bois · Mannheim · Elias

search term: Mauna Loa Observatory Wikipedia Page

Mauna Loa Observatory ( MLO ) is an atmospheric baseline station on Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaiʻi , located in the US state of Hawaii .

search term: mammals Wikipedia Page

A mammal (from Latin mamma ' breast ' ) is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia ( / m ə ˈ m eɪ l i . ə / ). Mammals are characterised by the presence of milk -producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a broad neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair , and three middle ear bones . These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles and birds , from which their ancestors diverged in the Carboniferous Period over 300 million years ago. Around 6,640 extant species of mammals have been described and divided into 27 orders . The study of mammals is called mammalogy .

search term: Flatland Wikipedia Page

Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions is a satirical novella by the English theologian , Anglican priest and schoolmaster Edwin Abbott Abbott , first published in 1884 by Seeley & Co. of London. Written pseudonymously by "A Square", the book used the fictional two-dimensional world of Flatland to satirise the class and gender hierarchies of Victorian society, but the novella's more enduring contribution is its examination of dimensions .

search term: humility Wikipedia Page

Humility is the quality of being humble. The Oxford Dictionary , in its 1998 edition, describes humility as having a low opinion of oneself or not being prideful. However, humility involves having an accurate opinion of oneself and expressing oneself modestly as appropriate, with clear goal orientation, openness, broad-mindedness, and a non-imposing mentality. In a religious context, humility can mean a self-recognition of a deity (i.e. God ) and subsequent submission to that deity as a religious member. Outside of a religious context, humility is defined as being "unselved"—liberated from the consciousness of self—a form of temperance that is neither having pride (or haughtiness) nor indulging in self-deprecation.

search term: carbon dioxide Wikipedia Page

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CO ₂ . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in a gas state at room temperature and at normally-encountered concentrations it is odorless. As the source of carbon in the carbon cycle , atmospheric CO ₂ is the primary carbon source for life on Earth. In the air, carbon dioxide is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared radiation , acting as a greenhouse gas . Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and is found in groundwater , lakes , ice caps , and seawater .

search term: global temperatures Wikipedia Page

Climate is the long-term weather pattern in a region, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature , humidity , atmospheric pressure , wind , and precipitation . In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the climate system , including the atmosphere , hydrosphere , cryosphere , lithosphere and biosphere and the interactions between them. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude , longitude , terrain , altitude , land use and nearby water bodies and their currents.

search term: overconsumption Wikipedia Page

Overconsumption describes a situation where consumers overuse their available goods and services to where they cannot, or do not want to, replenish or reuse them. In microeconomics , this is the point where the marginal cost of a consumer is greater than their marginal utility . The term overconsumption is quite controversial and does not necessarily have a single unifying definition. When used to refer to natural resources to the point where the environment is negatively affected, it is synonymous with the term overexploitation . However, when used in the broader economic sense, overconsumption can refer to all types of goods and services, including artificial ones, e.g., "the overconsumption of alcohol can lead to alcohol poisoning ." Overconsumption is driven by several factors of the current global economy , including forces like consumerism , planned obsolescence , economic materialism , and other unsustainable business models, and can be contrasted with sustainable consumption .

search term: extinction event Wikipedia Page

An extinction event (also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis ) is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth . Such an event is identified by a sharp fall in the diversity and abundance of multicellular organisms . It occurs when the rate of extinction increases with respect to the background extinction rate and the rate of speciation .

search term: Siberian Traps Wikipedia Page

The Siberian Traps ( Russian : Сибирские траппы , romanized : Sibirskiye trappy ) are a large region of volcanic rock , known as a large igneous province , in Siberia , Russia . Large volumes of basaltic lava covered a large expanse of Siberia in a flood basalt event. The massive eruptive event that formed the traps is one of the largest known volcanic events in the last 500 million years. The eruptions continued for roughly two million years and spanned the Permian – Triassic boundary, or P–T boundary, which occurred around 251.9 million years ago. The Siberian Traps are believed to be the primary cause of the Permian–Triassic extinction event , the most severe extinction event in the geologic record. Subsequent periods of Siberian Traps activity have been linked to smaller biotic crises, including the Smithian-Spathian , Olenekian - Anisian , Middle-Late Anisian, and Anisian- Ladinian extinction events. Today, the area is covered by about 7 million km (3 million sq mi) of basaltic rock, with a volume of around 4 million km (1 million cu mi).

search term: human societies Wikipedia Page

A society ( / s ə ˈ s aɪ ə t i / ) is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory , typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships ( social relations ) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions ; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members.

search term: cows Wikipedia Page

Cattle ( Bos taurus ) are large, domesticated , bovid ungulates widely kept as livestock . They are prominent modern members of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus Bos . Mature female cattle are called cows and mature male cattle are bulls . Young female cattle are called heifers , young male cattle are bullocks , and castrated male cattle are known as oxen or steers .

search term: pigs Wikipedia Page

The pig ( Sus domesticus ), also called swine ( pl. : swine) or hog , is an omnivorous , domesticated , even-toed, hoofed mammal . It is named the domestic pig when distinguishing it from other members of the genus Sus . Some authorities consider it a subspecies of Sus scrofa (the wild boar or Eurasian boar); other authorities consider it a distinct species . Pigs were domesticated in the Neolithic , both in China and in the Near East (around the Tigris Basin ). When domesticated pigs arrived in Europe, they extensively interbred with wild boar but retained their domesticated features.

search term: dogs Wikipedia Page

The dog ( Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris ) is a domesticated descendant of the gray wolf . Also called the domestic dog , it was selectively bred from a population of wolves during the Late Pleistocene by hunter-gatherers . Dogs were the first species to be domesticated over 14,000 years ago, before the development of agriculture . Due to their long association with humans, dogs have gained the ability to thrive on a starch -rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids .

search term: resource consumption Wikipedia Page

Resource consumption is about the consumption of non-renewable , or less often, renewable resources . Specifically, it may refer to:

search term: civilisation Wikipedia Page

A civilization (also spelled civilisation in British English ) is any complex society characterized by the development of the state , social stratification , urbanization , and symbolic systems of communication beyond signed or spoken languages (namely, writing systems ).

search term: ecocide Wikipedia Page

Ecocide (from Greek oikos 'home' and Latin caedere 'to kill') is the destruction of the environment by humans. Ecocide threatens all human populations that are dependent on natural resources for maintaining ecosystems and ensuring their ability to support future generations. The Independent Expert Panel for the Legal Definition of Ecocide describes it as "unlawful or wanton acts committed with knowledge that there is a substantial likelihood of severe and either widespread or long-term damage to the environment being caused by those acts".

search term: deforestation Wikipedia Page

Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal and destruction of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms , ranches , or urban use. About 31% of Earth's land surface is covered by forests at present. This is one-third less than the forest cover before the expansion of agriculture, with half of that loss occurring in the last century. Between 15 million to 18 million hectares of forest, an area the size of Bangladesh , are destroyed every year. On average 2,400 trees are cut down each minute. Estimates vary widely as to the extent of deforestation in the tropics . In 2019, nearly a third of the overall tree cover loss, or 3.8 million hectares, occurred within humid tropical primary forests . These are areas of mature rainforest that are especially important for biodiversity and carbon storage .

search term: wildfires Wikipedia Page

A wildfire , forest fire , or a bushfire is an unplanned and uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation . Some natural forest ecosystems depend on wildfire . Modern forest management often engages in prescribed burns to mitigate fire risk and promote natural forest cycles. However, controlled burns can turn into wildfires by mistake.

search term: Hiroshima Wikipedia Page

Hiroshima ( 広島市 , Hiroshima-shi ; English: / ˌ h ɪr oʊ ˈ ʃ iː m ə / , also UK : / h ɪ ˈ r ɒ ʃ ɪ m ə / , US : / h ɪ ˈ r oʊ ʃ ɪ m ə / , Japanese: [çiɾoɕima] ) is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan . As of June 1, 2019 , the city had an estimated population of 1,199,391. The gross domestic product (GDP) in Greater Hiroshima, Hiroshima Urban Employment Area , was US$61.3 billion as of 2010. Kazumi Matsui has been the city's mayor since April 2011. The Hiroshima metropolitan area is the second largest urban area in the Chugoku Region of Japan, following the Okayama metropolitan area.

search term: Nicaragua Wikipedia Page

Nicaragua , officially the Republic of Nicaragua , is the geographically largest country in Central America , comprising 130,370 km (50,340 sq mi). With a population of 7,142,529 as of 2024, it is the third-most populous country in Central America after Guatemala and Honduras .

search term: meteorites Wikipedia Page

A meteorite is a rock that originated in outer space and has fallen to the surface of a planet or moon . When the original object enters the atmosphere, various factors such as friction , pressure, and chemical interactions with the atmospheric gases cause it to heat up and radiate energy. It then becomes a meteor and forms a fireball , also known as a shooting star; astronomers call the brightest examples " bolides ". Once it settles on the larger body's surface, the meteor becomes a meteorite. Meteorites vary greatly in size. For geologists, a bolide is a meteorite large enough to create an impact crater .

search term: streetlights Wikipedia Page

A street light , light pole , lamp pole, lamppost , streetlamp , light standard , or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or path. Similar lights may be found on a railway platform . When urban electric power distribution became ubiquitous in developed countries in the 20th century, lights for urban streets followed, or sometimes led.

search term: Belgium Wikipedia Page

Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Northwestern Europe . Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries , it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the south, and the North Sea to the west. Belgium covers an area of 30,689 km (11,849 sq mi) and has a population of more than 11.8 million; its population density of 383/km (990/sq mi) ranks 22nd in the world and sixth in Europe . The capital and largest metropolitan region is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi , Liège , Bruges , Namur , and Leuven .

search term: steam engine Wikipedia Page

A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid . The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a cylinder . This pushing force can be transformed by a connecting rod and crank into rotational force for work. The term "steam engine" is most commonly applied to reciprocating engines as just described, although some authorities have also referred to the steam turbine and devices such as Hero's aeolipile as "steam engines". The essential feature of steam engines is that they are external combustion engines , where the working fluid is separated from the combustion products. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle . In general usage, the term steam engine can refer to either complete steam plants (including boilers etc.), such as railway steam locomotives and portable engines , or may refer to the piston or turbine machinery alone, as in the beam engine and stationary steam engine .

search term: precious metals Wikipedia Page

Precious metals are rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical elements of high economic value . Precious metals, particularly the noble metals , are more corrosion resistant and less chemically reactive than most elements. They are usually ductile and have a high lustre . Historically, precious metals were important as currency but they are now regarded mainly as investment and industrial raw materials . Gold , silver , platinum , and palladium each have an ISO 4217 currency code.

search term: population density Wikipedia Page

Population density (in agriculture : standing stock or plant density ) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans , but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geographical term.

search term: equity Wikipedia Page

The word equity is also used in the names of the following companies and organizations:

search term: Thought experiments Wikipedia Page

A thought experiment is an imaginary scenario that is meant to elucidate or test an argument or theory . It is often an experiment that would be hard, impossible, or unethical to actually perform. It can also be an abstract hypothetical that is meant to test our intuitions about morality or other fundamental philosophical questions.

search term: Blue Marble Wikipedia Page

The Blue Marble is a photograph of Earth taken on December 7, 1972, by Harrison Schmitt aboard the Apollo 17 spacecraft on its way to the Moon . Viewed from around 29,400 km (18,300 mi) from Earth's surface, a cropped and rotated version has become one of the most reproduced images in history.

search term: supernova Wikipedia Page

A supernova ( pl. : supernovae ) is a powerful and luminous explosion of a star . A supernova occurs during the last evolutionary stages of a massive star , or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion . The original object, called the progenitor , either collapses to a neutron star or black hole , or is completely destroyed to form a diffuse nebula . The peak optical luminosity of a supernova can be comparable to that of an entire galaxy before fading over several weeks or months.

search term: Periodic Table Wikipedia Page

The periodic table , also known as the periodic table of the elements , is an ordered arrangement of the chemical elements into rows (" periods ") and columns (" groups "). An icon of chemistry , the periodic table is widely used in physics and other sciences. It is a depiction of the periodic law , which states that when the elements are arranged in order of their atomic numbers an approximate recurrence of their properties is evident. The table is divided into four roughly rectangular areas called blocks . Elements in the same group tend to show similar chemical characteristics.

search term: gravity Wikipedia Page

In physics, gravity (from Latin gravitas ' weight ' ), also known as gravitation or a gravitational interaction , is a fundamental interaction , which may be described as the effect of a field that is generated by a gravitational source such as mass.

search term: Entropy Wikipedia Page

Collective intelligence
Collective action
Self-organized criticality
Herd mentality
Phase transition
Agent-based modelling
Synchronization
Ant colony optimization
Particle swarm optimization
Swarm behaviour

search term: mining Wikipedia Page

Mining is the extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth . Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through agricultural processes , or feasibly created artificially in a laboratory or factory. Ores recovered by mining include metals , coal , oil shale , gemstones , limestone , chalk , dimension stone , rock salt , potash , gravel , and clay . The ore must be a rock or mineral that contains valuable constituent, can be extracted or mined and sold for profit. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum , natural gas , or even water .

search term: waste Wikipedia Page

Waste are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. A by-product , by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value . A waste product may become a by-product, joint product or resource through an invention that raises a waste product's value above zero.

search term: batteries Wikipedia Page

Battery or batterie most often refers to:

search term: mobile phone Wikipedia Page

A mobile phone or cell phone is a portable wireless telephone that allows users to make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while moving within a designated telephone service area, unlike fixed-location phones ( landline phones ). This radio frequency link connects to the switching systems of a mobile phone operator , providing access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Modern mobile telephony relies on a cellular network architecture, which is why mobile phones are often referred to as 'cell phones' in North America.

search term: city life Wikipedia Page

City Life may refer to:

search term: capitalist economy Wikipedia Page

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their use for the purpose of obtaining profit . This socioeconomic system has developed historically through several stages and is defined by a number of basic constituent elements: private property , profit motive , capital accumulation , competitive markets , commodification , wage labor , and an emphasis on innovation and economic growth . Capitalist economies may experience business cycles of economic growth followed by recessions .

search term: connectivity Wikipedia Page

Connectivity may refer to:

search term: security Wikipedia Page

Security is protection from, or resilience against, potential harm (or other unwanted coercion ). Beneficiaries (technically referents ) of security may be persons and social groups, objects and institutions, ecosystems, or any other entity or phenomenon vulnerable to unwanted change.

search term: fossil fuel Wikipedia Page

A fossil fuel is a flammable carbon compound- or hydrocarbon -containing material formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the buried remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants or microplanktons ), a process that occurs within geological formations . Reservoirs of such compound mixtures, such as coal , petroleum and natural gas , can be extracted and burnt as fuel for human consumption to provide energy for direct use (such as for cooking, heating or lighting), to power heat engines (such as steam or internal combustion engines) that can propel vehicles, or to generate electricity via steam turbine generators. Some fossil fuels are further refined into derivatives such as kerosene , gasoline and diesel , or converted into petrochemicals such as polyolefins ( plastics ), aromatics and synthetic resins .

search term: doctors Wikipedia Page

Doctor most often refers to:

search term: Thibault Wikipedia Page

Thibault is a French personal name and surname, a form of Theobald , a Germanic name composed from the elements theod- "people" and bald "bold".

search term: radiative forcing Wikipedia Page

Radiative forcing (or climate forcing ) is a concept used to quantify a change to the balance of energy flowing through a planetary atmosphere. Various factors contribute to this change in energy balance, such as concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols , and changes in surface albedo and solar irradiance . In more technical terms, it is defined as "the change in the net, downward minus upward, radiative flux (expressed in W/m ) due to a change in an external driver of climate change." These external drivers are distinguished from feedbacks and variability that are internal to the climate system , and that further influence the direction and magnitude of imbalance . Radiative forcing on Earth is meaningfully evaluated at the tropopause and at the top of the stratosphere . It is quantified in units of watts per square meter , and often summarized as an average over the total surface area of the globe.

search term: national government Wikipedia Page

A national government is the government of a nation.

search term: GHG Wikipedia Page

GHG or ghg may stand for:

search term: NDC Wikipedia Page

NDC or ndc may refer to:

search term: national governments Wikipedia Page

A national government is the government of a nation.

search term: populations Wikipedia Page

In biology , a population of organisms is a group of individuals of the same species , defined by a discontinuity or disjunction from other groups of individuals in certain characteristics, such as living area, genetic attributes, demographic structure. Among biologists, the term definition varies, in some cases significantly, and sometimes those variations can be confusing. There are also plenty of other terms to describe groups of individuals if no clear disjunction is present. Commonly, a population can be described by what individuals constitute the population, its size, a geographical area it occupies, and the time within which the population is examined. In qualitative terms, it is usually defined like "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time".

search term: climate justice Wikipedia Page

Climate justice is a type of environmental justice that focuses on the unequal impacts of climate change on marginalized or otherwise vulnerable populations. Climate justice seeks to achieve an equitable distribution of both the burdens of climate change and the efforts to mitigate climate change through advocacy and policy change. The economic burden of climate change mitigation is estimated by some at around 1% to 2% of GDP . Climate justice examines concepts such as equality , human rights , collective rights , justice and the historical responsibilities for climate change.

search term: COVID19 Wikipedia Page

Coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 . In January 2020, the disease spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic .

search term: Versailles Wikipedia Page

The Palace of Versailles ( / v ɛər ˈ s aɪ , v ɜːr ˈ s aɪ / vair- SY , vur- SY ; French : château de Versailles [ʃɑto d(ə) vɛʁsɑj] ) is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles , about 18 kilometres (11 mi) west of the city centre of Paris , in the Yvelines Department of Île-de-France region in France .

search term: painting Wikipedia Page

Painting is a visual art , which is characterized by the practice of applying paint , pigment , color or other medium to a solid surface (called "matrix" or " support "). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush . Other implements, such as palette knives, sponges, airbrushes , the artist's fingers, or even a dripping technique that uses gravity may be used. One who produces paintings is called a painter .

search term: brotherhood Wikipedia Page

Brotherhood or The Brotherhood may refer to:

search term: noble gases Wikipedia Page

The noble gases (historically the inert gases , sometimes referred to as aerogens ) are the members of group 18 of the periodic table : helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), radon (Rn) and, in some cases, oganesson (Og). Under standard conditions , the first six of these elements are odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity and cryogenic boiling points. The properties of oganesson are uncertain.

search term: ideals Wikipedia Page

search term: guillotine Wikipedia Page

A guillotine ( / ˈ ɡ ɪ l ə t iː n / GHIL -ə-teen / ˌ ɡ ɪ l ə ˈ t iː n / GHIL -ə- TEEN / ˈ ɡ i j ə t i n / GHEE -yə-teen ) is an apparatus designed for effectively carrying out executions by beheading . The device consists of a tall, upright frame with a weighted and angled blade suspended at the top. The condemned person is secured with a pillory at the bottom of the frame, holding the position of the neck directly below the blade. The blade is then released, swiftly and forcefully decapitating the victim with a single, clean pass; the head falls into a basket or other receptacle below.

search term: UNHQ Wikipedia Page

The headquarters of the United Nations (UN) is on 17 to 18 acres (6.9 to 7.3 ha) of grounds in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Midtown Manhattan in New York City . It borders First Avenue to the west, 42nd Street to the south, 48th Street to the north, and the East River to the east. Completed in 1952, the complex consists of several structures, including the Secretariat , Conference , and General Assembly buildings, and the Dag Hammarskjöld Library . The complex was designed by a board of architects led by Wallace Harrison and built by the architectural firm Harrison & Abramovitz , with final projects developed by Oscar Niemeyer and Le Corbusier . The term Turtle Bay is occasionally used as a metonym for the UN headquarters or for the United Nations as a whole.

search term: solidarity Wikipedia Page

Solidarity or solidarism is an awareness of shared interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies creating a psychological sense of unity of groups or classes. True solidarity means moving beyond individual identities and single issue politics. Still, solidarity does not reject individuals and sees individuals as the basis of society . It refers to the ties in a society that bind people together as one. The term is generally employed in sociology and the other social sciences , as well as in philosophy and bioethics . It is a significant concept in Catholic social teaching and in Christian democratic political ideology. Although closely related to the concept of charity , solidarity aspires to change whole systems, not merely to help individuals.

search term: French Wikipedia Page

French or français may refer to:

search term: open government Wikipedia Page

Open government is the governing doctrine which maintains that citizens have the right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to allow for effective public oversight. In its broadest construction, it opposes reason of state and other considerations which have tended to legitimize extensive state secrecy . The origins of open-government arguments can be dated to the time of the European Age of Enlightenment , when philosophers debated the proper construction of a then nascent democratic society . It is also increasingly being associated with the concept of democratic reform. The United Nations ' Sustainable Development Goal 16 , for example, advocates for public access to information as a criterion for ensuring accountable and inclusive institutions.

search term: Picasso Wikipedia Page

Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker , ceramicist , and theatre designer who spent most of his adult life in France . One of the most influential artists of the 20th century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture , the co-invention of collage , and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) and the anti-war painting Guernica (1937), a dramatic portrayal of the bombing of Guernica by German and Italian air forces during the Spanish Civil War .

search term: greed Wikipedia Page

Greed (or avarice , Latin : avaritia ) is an insatiable desire for material gain (be it food, money, land, or animate/inanimate possessions) or social value, such as status or power .

search term: Entitlement Wikipedia Page

Entitled or Entitlement may refer to:

search term: Third Estate Wikipedia Page

The estates of the realm , or three estates , were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom from the Middle Ages to early modern Europe . Different systems for dividing society members into estates developed and evolved over time.

search term: global wealth Wikipedia Page

Wealth is the abundance of valuable financial assets or physical possessions which can be converted into a form that can be used for transactions . This includes the core meaning as held in the originating Old English word weal , which is from an Indo-European word stem. The modern concept of wealth is of significance in all areas of economics , and clearly so for growth economics and development economics , yet the meaning of wealth is context-dependent. A person possessing a substantial net worth is known as wealthy . Net worth is defined as the current value of one's assets less liabilities (excluding the principal in trust accounts).

search term: revolutionaries Wikipedia Page

A revolutionary is a person who either participates in, or advocates for, a revolution . The term revolutionary can also be used as an adjective to describe something producing a major and sudden impact on society.

search term: metaphor Wikipedia Page

A metaphor is a figure of speech that, for rhetorical effect, refers to one thing by mentioning another. It may provide clarity or identify hidden similarities between two different ideas. Metaphors are usually meant to create a likeness or an analogy .

search term: homework Wikipedia Page

Homework is a set of tasks assigned to students by their teachers to be completed at home . Common homework assignments may include required reading , a writing or typing project, math problems to be completed, information to be reviewed before a test , or other skills to be practiced.

search term: information Wikipedia Page

Information is an abstract concept that refers to something which has the power to inform . At the most fundamental level, it pertains to the interpretation (perhaps formally ) of that which may be sensed , or their abstractions . Any natural process that is not completely random and any observable pattern in any medium can be said to convey some amount of information. Whereas digital signals and other data use discrete signs to convey information, other phenomena and artifacts such as analogue signals , poems , pictures , music or other sounds , and currents convey information in a more continuous form. Information is not knowledge itself, but the meaning that may be derived from a representation through interpretation.

search term: Japan Wikipedia Page

Japan is an island country in East Asia . Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland , it is bordered to the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea in the south. The Japanese archipelago consists of four major islands alongside 14,121 smaller islands . Divided into 47 administrative prefectures and eight traditional regions , about 75% of the country's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested, concentrating its agriculture and highly urbanized population along its eastern coastal plains . With a population of over 123 million as of 2025, it is the 11th most populous country . The country's capital and largest city is Tokyo .

search term: Bank of England Wikipedia Page

William, Prince of Wales

search term: inflation Wikipedia Page

In economics , inflation is an increase in the average price of goods and services in terms of money. This increase is measured using a price index, typically a consumer price index (CPI). When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation corresponds to a reduction in the purchasing power of money. The opposite of CPI inflation is deflation , a decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate , the annualized percentage change in a general price index .

search term: democratic society Wikipedia Page

Democracy (from Ancient Greek : δημοκρατία , romanized : dēmokratía , from dēmos 'people' and krátos 'rule') is a form of government in which political power is vested in the people or the population of a state. Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitive elections while more expansive or maximalist definitions link democracy to guarantees of civil liberties and human rights in addition to competitive elections.

search term: solar energy Wikipedia Page

Solar energy is the radiant energy from the Sun 's light and heat , which can be harnessed using a range of technologies such as solar electricity , solar thermal energy (including solar water heating ) and solar architecture . It is an essential source of renewable energy , and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems , concentrated solar power , and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include designing a building for better daylighting , selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and organizing spaces that naturally circulate air .